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"Reconstruction (1914-1939)"
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Im Schatten des Krieges : Geschichte Tirols 1918-1920
Der Vertrag von St. Germain jährt sich im Herbst 2019 zum hundertsten Mal. Für Tirol hatte er dramatische Folgen. Das Land wurde am Brenner geteilt, das überwiegend deutschsprachige Südtirol fiel an Italien. Oswald Überegger rekonstruiert die entscheidenden Etappen der Geschichte dieses Umbruchs und veranschaulicht, wie als Folge des Ersten Weltkriegs eine bis heute virulente Minderheitenproblematik entstand.Das Buch bietet perspektivenreiche Blicke auf den Tiroler Raum in den Jahren 1918 bis 1920. Der Autor schildert nicht nur die zentralen Etappen der militärischen und politischen Entwicklung von den Januarstreiks 1918 bis zum Waffenstillstand von „Villa Giusti“. Ein besonderes Augenmerk gilt darüber hinaus den Debatten über die Tiroler Frage auf der Friedenskonferenz bis hin zur „Annexion“ Südtirols durch Italien im Oktober 1920. Die Zeitenwende jener Jahre hatte tiefgreifende Veränderungen der regionalen Mentalität zur Folge. In seinem Buch gelingt es Oswald Überegger, die vielfach verflochtene, wechselvolle und umkämpfte Geschichte der Region zwischen Bodensee und Gardasee plastisch darzustellen.
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World War I, mass death, and the birth of the modern US soldier
World War I, Mass Death, and the Birth of the Modern US Soldier: A Rhetorical History examines the United States government’s postwar ideological and rhetorical project in establishing permanent national military cemeteries abroad. Constructed throughout Europe where citizen-soldiers had fought and perished, and sacralized as American sites, these burial grounds simultaneously linked the nation’s war dead back to American soil and the national purpose rooted there, expressed the nation’s emerging prominent role on the world’s stage, and advanced the burgeoning icon of the “sacrificial, universal” US soldier. It draws upon untapped archival and historical materials from the WWI and interwar periods, as well as original on-site research, to show how the cemeteries came to display and advance the vision of the modern US soldier as “a global force for good.” Ultimately, within the visual display of overseas cemeteries we can detect the birth of “the modern US soldier”-a potent icon in which divergent emotions, memories, beliefs, and arguments of Americans and non-Americans have been expressed for a century.
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France in the age of organization
In interwar France, there was a growing sense that 'organization' was the solution to the nation's perceived social, economic and political ills. This book examines the roots of this idea in the industrial rationalization movement and its manifestations in areas as diverse as domestic organization and economic planning. In doing so, it shows how experts in fields ranging from engineering to the biological sciences shaped visions of a rational socio-economic order from the 1920s to Vichy and beyond.
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Hunger in war and peace : women and children in Germany, 1914-1924
At the outbreak of the First World War, Great Britain quickly took steps to initiate a naval blockade against Germany. In addition to military goods and other contraband, foodstuffs and fertilizer were also added to the list of forbidden exports to Germany. As the grip of the Blockade strengthened, Germans complained that civilians-particularly women and children-were going hungry because of it. The impact of the blockade on non-combatants was especially fraught during the eight month period of the Armistice when the blockade remained in force. Even though fighting had stopped, German civilians wondered how they would go through another winter of hunger. The issue became internationalised as civic leaders across the country wrote books, pamphlets, and articles about their distress, and begged for someone to step in and relieve German women and children with food aid. Their pleas were answered with an outpouring of generosity from across the world. Some have argued, then and since, that these outcries were based on gross exaggerations based more on political need rather than actual want. This book examines what the actual nutritional statuses of women and children in Germany were during and following the War. Mary Cox uses detailed height and weight data for over 600,000 German children to show the true measure of overall deprivation, and to gauge infant recovery.
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The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933
This book is first and foremost a history of ruling-class diplomacy, but other factors are not ignored: the Bolsheviks, the Turks, and the insurgencies in Europe. This book provides detailed narrative and cogent analysis of the all that happened in Paris in 1919 and all that came out of it, with the aftermath of the peace process and the difficulty of avoiding war for twenty years. This book falls into two parts. Part 1 shows how the peacemakers and their successors dealt with the problems of a shattered Europe. The war had fundamentally altered both the internal structures of many of the European states and transformed the traditional order. The book shows that the management of the European state system in the decade after 1919, while in some ways resembling that of the past, assumed a shape that distinguished it both from the pre-war decades and the post-1933 period. Part II covers the ‘hinge years’ 1929 to 1933. These were the years in which many of the experiments in internationalism came to be tested and their weakness revealed. Many of the difficulties stemmed from the enveloping economic depression. The way was open to the movements towards étatism, autarcy, virulent nationalism, and expansionism which characterized the post-1933 European scene. The events of these years were critical to both Hitler's challenge to the European status quo and the reactions of the European statesmen to his assault on what remained of an international system.
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The makers of the modern Middle East
This work presents a comprehensive analysis of how the decisions taken at the end of the First World War forged a new Middle East, setting in place a pattern which formed the political shape of the region as we know it today.
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The First World War and Its Aftermath
Think of a map of World War I and chances are that map will be of Europe-but the First World War had just as heavy an impact on the Middle East, shaping the region into what we know it as today. This book gathers together leading scholars in the field to examine this impact, which is crucial to understanding the region's current problems and the rise of groups like the Islamic State.In addition to recounting the crucial international politics that drew fierce lines in the sands of the Middle East-a story of intrigue between the British, Russians, Ottomans, North Africans, Americans, and others-the contributors engage topics ranging from the war's effects on women, the experience of the Kurds, sectarianism, the evolution of Islamism, and the importance of prominent intellectuals like Ziya Gökalp and Michel 'Aflaq. They examine the dissolution of the Ottoman empire, the exploitation of notions of Islamic unity and pan-Arabism, the influences of Woodrow Wilson and American ideals on Middle East leaders, and likewise the influence of Vladimir Lenin's vision of a communist utopia. Altogether, they tell a story of promises made and promises broken, of the struggle between self-determination and international recognition, of centuries-old empires laying in ruin, and of the political poker of the twentieth century that carved up the region, separating communities into the artificial states we know today.
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