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Rapid population ageing has dramatically increased the social and economic cost of elderly care. As a consequence of the search for cost effectiveness/reduction we observe a convergence in how the care market is organised: all countries are moving towards home care, private provision and cash transfers. The aim of this paper is twofold. It is argued that the way in which elderly care is provided and financed may entail considerable differences in the creation of a formal care market. National employment models in turn shape the features of the care labour market, affecting both the quantity and quality of care labour supply, the extent of the care labour shortage, and the degree of dependence on migrant carers. This paper presents a comparative analysis of various European country models of elderly care to show how these two factors combine to shape the characteristics of elderly care regimes, and their differing capacity to meet increasing demand for care either by using native workers or, alternatively, by turning to immigrant workers in order to cope with labour shortages.

Ensuring active ageing, i.e. the optimisation of opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age, is an important growth strategy for the EU. Achieving a successful active ageing policy will require a sea change in thinking about what ageing means in both economic and social terms.

Depuis le début des années 2000, la prévention dans le vieillissement fait l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part des gouvernements successifs. Afin d’anticiper les conséquences du vieillissement de la population et de réduire le risque de voir les retraités et personnes âgées intégrer la catégorie de la dépendance, la politique de prévention promeut le « bien vieillir », notion qui est notamment inscrite dans les objectifs stratégiques des caisses de retraite. Il s’agit, par des actions d’information et de formation, de faire adopter aux personnes vieillissantes des comportements et un style de vie à même de préserver leur santé. Le déploiement d’une politique de prévention en vue de « bien vieillir » est cependant à questionner. Comment cette orientation s’inscrit-elle par rapport à la longue histoire des politiques vieillesse et de leurs acteurs centraux ? Cet article revient sur le processus de mise à l’agenda de la prévention et du « bien vieillir » et s’intéresse à la production et la diffusion de nouvelles normes dans la vieillesse. The Emergence and Development of Prevention in Policies for the ElderlySince the beginning of the 2000s, successive French governments have been attentive to prevention for the elderly. In order to anticipate the consequences of population ageing and reduce the incidence of dependency among old people, prevention policy promotes “ageing well,” one of the strategic objectives of retirement funds. The idea is to carry out information campaigns and training programmes that can persuade older people to adopt behaviours and lifestyles that preserve health. However, the effectiveness of promoting “ageing well” through public policy can be questioned. How does this orientation fit in with the long history of policies for old people and the main stakeholders involved? This article looks at how prevention and “ageing well” have emerged as part of the political agenda, and it discusses the creation and dissemination of new norms concerning ageing.

The first part of this published paper has provided a brief assessment of the demographic situation in the world and considers the problems of the health protection of elderly age groups and ensuring of their level of income and material well-being through the state pension system and their own work activities, as well as measures for protecting the interests of elderly people in the consumer sector. The shortcomings of the adopted strategy of action for the benefit of the older generation in the Russian Federation until 2025 have been discussed. The second part of this article will be be published in a forthcoming issue of this journal.

The article considers different ways to provide social services to seniors and addresses government social spending on old age.

Purpose – Ageing of population means for society facing new challenges and one of the main challenges is how to ensure quality of life of elderly and prevent their exclusion from the society. This position of elderly is intrinsically linked to the welfare system and policies that are applied to prevent and tackle social exclusion of vulnerable individuals and groups. The focus is on Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, which are in research often piled in the same group. However, in the article the authors wish to also focus on differences between them. Design/methodology/approach – Social exclusion as a concept for observing vulnerability of elderly enables observation of vulnerabilities in various areas/dimensions at the same time, and also enables comparison of particular populations with other groups and enables determining their position within the society. In this article the authors observe social exclusion of the elderly in several areas: health and access to health care, poverty and material deprivation, housing and local environment and interpersonal relations. Comparative analysis of CEE countries is based on data from European quality of life survey (2007). Findings – The analysis has showed that elderly in CEE are significantly more excluded than the rest of the population, and the most problematic areas were material deprivation, health and interpersonal exclusion. Furthermore, the exclusion of the elderly in CEE is significantly higher than in other European countries, further characterized by a much higher difference in the level of the exclusion of the elderly than the population in general, as compared to the other European countries. This indicates that the so-called post-socialist welfare states do not promote inclusion of the elderly to a satisfactory degree. Originality/value – Due to a lack of comparative analyses of social policy issues in CEE countries the originality and value of the article is a comparative analysis of social exclusion of the elderly in the CEE countries in comparison to the development of welfare systems in these countries.

Increasing the employment of older working-age adults can entail numerous benefits, including higher individual incomes, higher future pension entitlements, stimulation and retention of cognitive skills, and better mental health. Policy makers must implement interventions designed to encourage the re-employment of older unemployed people.

Europe's demographic problem (an ageing population) is well-known and has been the object of a number of research projects in the EU. As an example of the scale of the problem, the percentage of persons 55 or older in the overall population of the EU was 30% in 2010, and is expected to rise to 37% in 2030. Raising the retirement age - the response implemented in a number of EU Member States in recent years - cannot be considered as a comprehensive solution to the problem. Older persons encounter more difficulties finding employment, even though they possess knowledge and experience which could be valuable in the conduct of economic activities. Recent years have witnessed a growth in the trend toward 'active ageing', which is considered to be 'a process of optimization of the chances for good health, active participation, and security, in order to improve the quality of life over the passage of time', a concept closely correlated with the idea of entrepreneurship among the elderly.It can be noted that there is no comprehensive policy supporting entrepreneurship of elderly people in the age of the Ageing Society in Europe. The aim of the paper is to present the foreseen benefits of the development of enterpreneurship of elderly people supporting policy in the EU and in Poland