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"Soil pollution"
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Classification of Pollution Risk Management and Control Zones in the Industrial Developed City
Soil heavy metal pollution threatens ecological health and food security. It is significant to classify pollution risk management and control zones, which can effectively cope with soil pollution and scientifically carry out soil remediation projects. In this study, based on 665 soil samples collecting from Ningbo (southeast China), single pollution index and Nemerow composite pollution index (NCPI) were measured to assess soil pollution risk, and self-organization mapping model was applied to classify management and control zones. Results showed that the heavy metal pollution in the northwest part was more serious, while the east part was less polluted. Although more than 75% soil samples had negligible risks, the Hg and Cu pollution was greatly influential and notable as their polluted samples accounted for 24.21% and 12.48% respectively. Moreover, about 55.34% soil samples and more than half study region had pollution grades, and NCPI values were obviously high with the center of northwest study area. Results also showed that the study region could be classified into four zones with good spatial variabilities. Specifically, Monitored Zone with High-risk Pollution had the highest NCPI caused by human activities, while Controlled Zone with Severe Pollution had relatively high NCPI caused by industrial and agricultural production. Protected Zone with Ecological Conservation and Restricted Zone with Potential Pollution had low NCPIs attributing to historical or natural factors. Our study implies that the classified zones can provide fundamental and momentous information for establishing appropriate priorities of heavy metal risk management and control.
Journal Article
Bio and nanoremediation of hazardous environmental pollutants
\"Environmental pollution has become a problem worldwide. This book contains the cutting-edge technologies to dissipate hazardous pollutants through bio and nanotechnologies described in four sections and 18 chapters. The first section named 'The polluted environment' shows the current situation of pollution in the world, which is facing an uncontrolled emission of hazardous contaminants. The second section named 'Bioremediation' discuss updated information regarding the main biotechnologies and the use of autochthonous, introduced, or genetically modified organisms to dissipate pollutants. The third section named 'Bio or Nanoremediation' shows pioneering strategies to synthesize metal-, carbon-based, smart, or green nanomaterials and their use in bio or nanoremediation, while the molecular farming and their impact in bio or nanoremediation is also discussed. The fourth section named 'Bio and Nanoremediation working together for better performance' explain the mains chemical and biochemical processes involved in degradation of hazardous contaminants through bio and nanoremediation, and exhibit state-of-the-art strategies regarding the environmental remediation by novel nanomaterials working together with bacteria, fungi or plants at high-degradation rates of hazardous contaminants. An up to date book for undergraduate or postgraduate students, and scientists or researchers involved in nanoscience, nanotechnology, and bioremediation technology as well as those researchers that solving environmental problems regarding the management and degradation of pollutants that jeopardize the human and environmental health and hamper the pursuit of the sustainable development goals\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Heavy metal load and effects on biochemical properties in urban soils of a medium-sized city, Ancona, Italy
Urban soils are often mixed with extraneous materials and show a high spatial variability that determine great differences from their agricultural or natural counterparts. The soils of 18 localities of a medium-sized city (Ancona, Italy) were analysed for their main physicochemical and biological properties, and for chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) total content, distribution among particle-size fractions, and extractability. Because of the absence of thresholds defining a hot spot for heavy metal pollution in urban soils, we defined a “threshold of attention” (ToA) for each heavy metal aiming to bring out hot spot soils where it is more impellent to intervene to mitigate or avoid potential environmental concerns. In several city locations, the soil displayed sub-alkaline pH, large contents of clay-size particles, and higher TOC, total N, and available P with respect to the surrounding rural areas, joined with high contents of total heavy metals, but low availability. The C biomass, basal respiration, qCO2, and enzyme activities were compared to that detected in the near rural soils, and results suggested that heavy metals content has not substantially compromised the soil ecological services. We conclude that ToA can be considered as a valuable tool to highlight soil hot spots especially for cities with a long material history and, for a proper risk assessment in urban soils, we suggest considering the content of available heavy metals (rather than the total content) and soil functions.
Journal Article
A brief review and evaluation of earthworm biomarkers in soil pollution assessment
Earthworm biomarker response to pollutants has been widely investigated in the assessment of soil pollution. However, whether and how the earthworm biomarker-approach can be actually applied to soil pollution assessment is still a controversial issue. This review is concerned about the following points:
Despite much debate, biomarker is valuable to ecotoxicology and biomarker approach has been properly used in different fields. Earthworm biomarker might be used in different scenarios such as large-scale soil pollution survey and soil pollution risk assessment. Compared with physicochemical analysis, they can provide more comprehensive and straightforward information about soil pollution at low cost.
Although many earthworm species from different ecological categories have been tested,
Eisenia fetida/andrei
is commonly used. Many earthworm biomarkers have been screened from the molecular to the individual level, while only a few biomarkers, such as avoidance behavior and lysosomal membrane stability, have been focused on. Other aspects of the experimental design were critically reviewed.
More studies should focus on determining the reliability of various earthworm biomarkers in soil pollution assessment in future research. Besides, establishing a database of a basal level of each biomarker, exploring biomarker response in different region/section/part of earthworm, and other issues are also proposed.
A set of research guideline for earthworm biomarker studies was recommended, and the suitability of several earthworm biomarkers was briefly evaluated with respect to their application in soil pollution assessment.
This review will help to promote further studies and practical application of earthworm biomarker in soil pollution assessment.
Journal Article
Effects of Biochar on Purslane-Mediated Transfer and Uptake of Soil Bioavailable Cadmium
As a carbon-negative emission technology, biochar has attracted extensive attention for application in fields for soil improvement and pollution control. The interactions between biochar and soil cadmium via the coupling of physical and chemical processes with extensive application and the correlation between the speciation of soil heavy metals and bioavailability are current research hotspots. However, the effect of biochar on Cd immobilization in soil and its transfer to purslanes have seldom been addressed. Thus, this study sought to determine the effects of wheat straw biochar on purslane biomass and Cd distribution in soil and purslane. Biochar application was found to increase purslane gross biomass, especially its stem, by 27.52–43.26% (root and aboveground parts) relative to the control. Biochar application also significantly decreased Cd levels by 10.88–46.04% and 14.07–35.30% in purslane shoots and roots; this effect was enhanced by the increase in biochar application rate. Biochar application increased soil pH by 0.33–0.90 and soil organic carbon (SOC) by 157.28–553.50%, markedly contributing to Cd immobilization in the soil. The soil available Cd concentration decreased by 2.19% and 15.89% with biochar application. The functional groups of biochar have also been shown to facilitate Cd complexation, which contributes to the immobilization and stabilization of soil Cd.
Journal Article
Efficacy of two seaweeds dry mass in bioremediation of heavy metal polluted soil and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plant
This study investigated the effect of
Ulva fasciata
and
Sargassum lacerifolium
seaweeds as heavy metal remediators for soil and on the growth of radish (
Raphanus sativus
L.). The soil was inoculated by dry biomass of each seaweed alone and by their mixture. Seaweeds inoculation increased the organic matter content, clay-size fraction, and nutrients in the soil. Seaweeds mixture treatment caused a significant reduction in the contents of Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni in the soil samples and reduced them to the tolerable limits (40.2, 49.3, 43.8 and 1.1 mg kg
-1
, respectively), while Cd, Cr, Fe, and Mn contents were closely decreased to the tolerable limits. Biosorption of soil heavy metals by seaweeds decreased the bioaccumulated concentrations of metals in radish plant roots and/or translocated to its shoots compared to control. For seaweeds mixture-treated soil, cultivated radish roots were able to phyto-extract Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni from the soil (bioaccumulation factor values > 1) of 7.45, 1.18, 3.13, and 26.6, respectively. Seaweeds inoculation promoted the growth of cultivated radish and improved the germination percentage and the morphological and biochemical growth parameters compared to control plants. The achieved soil remediation by dried seaweeds might be due to their efficient metal biosorption capacity due to the existence of active functional groups on their cell wall surfaces. Increased growth observed in radish was as a result of nutrients and growth hormones (gibberellins, indole acetic acid, and cytokinins) present in dried seaweeds. This study shows the efficiency of seaweeds as eco-friendly bioremediators for controlling soil pollution.
Journal Article