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Nonmetallic pipelines are promising for medium-short distance hydrogen transport due to their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and durability. However, their low conductivity raises electrostatic safety concerns, given hydrogen’s exceptionally low ignition energy (0.017 mJ). This study employs electrostatic double-layer theory to quantify electrostatic risks under varying parameters, such as conductivity of nonmetallic materials, flow velocity, pipe diameter, and operating parameters including hydrogen pressure and temperature. The results indicate that lower electrical conductivity of nonmetallic materials, higher flow velocity and larger pipe diameter will increase the accumulation of static electricity. However, the accumulated static electricity energy in nonmetallic pipelines remains significantly below the minimum ignition potential of hydrogen, indicating a lower static electricity risk in nonmetallic pipelines. In addition, the static electricity risks of pipelines with different transportation media and pipeline materials were compared. Considering factors such as pipe surface roughness, electrical conductivity, and the ignition energy of the transportation medium, nonmetallic hydrogen pipelines exhibit lower static electricity risks. Existing applications have never reported electrostatic accidents in nonmetallic hydrogen pipelines, which also indicates that nonmetallic hydrogen pipelines have lower electrostatic risks. The results in this study could provide guidance for the application and safety evaluation of nonmetallic pipelines for hydrogen transportation.

Even minute quantities of electric charge accumulating on polymer surfaces can cause shocks, explosions, and multibillion-dollar losses to electronic circuitry. This paper demonstrates that to remove static electricity, it is not at all necessary to \"target\" the charges themselves. Instead, the way to discharge a polymer is to remove radicals from its surface. These radicals colocalize with and stabilize the charges; when they are scavenged, the surfaces discharge rapidly. This radical-charge interplay allows for controlling static electricity by doping common polymers with small amounts of radical-scavenging molecules, including the familiar vitamin E. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by rendering common polymers dust-mitigating and also by using them as coatings that prevent the failure of electronic circuitry.

Microbial rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins that transport various ions using light energy. While they are widely used in optogenetics to optically control neuronal activity, rhodopsins that function with longer-wavelength light are highly demanded because of their low phototoxicity and high tissue penetration. Here, we achieve a 40-nm red-shift in the absorption wavelength of a sodium-pump rhodopsin (KR2) by altering dipole moment of residues around the retinal chromophore (KR2 P219T/S254A) without impairing its ion-transport activity. Structural differences in the chromophore of the red-shifted protein from that of the wildtype are observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. QM/MM models generated with an automated protocol show that the changes in the electrostatic interaction between protein and chromophore induced by the amino-acid replacements, lowered the energy gap between the ground and the first electronically excited state. Based on these insights, a natural sodium pump with red-shifted absorption is identified from Jannaschia seosinensis . Microbial rhodopsins are photoreceptive and widely used in optogenetics for which they should preferable function with longer-wavelength light. Here, authors achieve a 40-nm red-shift in the absorption wavelength of a sodium-pump rhodopsin (KR2) by altering the distribution of the retinal chromophore.

Improving the filtration efficiency of air filter materials is an ongoing research goal. This study conducted in-depth research on a new reduced graphene oxide air filter material, and the differences in its performance and conductivity durability before and after eliminating static electricity were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the filtration efficiency of the reduced graphene oxide air filter material significantly decreased after eliminating static electricity. The maximum decrease in filtration efficiency was observed at a filtration velocity of 0.8 m/s, with PM10 > PM1.0 > PM2.5. In this case, the filtration efficiency decreased by 11.8%, 7.98%, and 7.17%, respectively. The maximum difference in filtration efficiency of 0.29 μm particulates was about 12.7%. Eliminating static electricity slightly increased the resistance (2.5~15.5 Pa). In addition, the new reduced graphene oxide air filter material exhibited good conductivity and stability after continuous testing. This study provides data support for the application of subsequent electrification sterilization, reference values for multi-angle applications, and the development of new composite air filter materials.

This article proposes a novel transparent conductive film structure to solve the problem of electrostatic accumulation in traditional nanoimprint lithography processes. This structure is formed by spin-coating a layer of silver nanowire (AgNWs) transparent conductive films on a graphic substrate, followed by coating a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the surface of the film. After the PDMS is cured, it is peeled off from the substrate to form a free-standing elastic three-dimensional structured surface. These transparent conductive films are not only designed to mitigate static electricity generated during the nanoimprint lithography process, but also have excellent UV transparency, with a 325 nm UV transmittance of up to 90%. At the same time, it exhibits good conductivity with a sheet resistance of 20 Ω/sq. In addition, the films have excellent elasticity and can maintain stable conductivity during repeated stretching, providing a novel solution for flexible optoelectronic devices and nanoimprint technology.

Recent development regarding mixture of H2 (concentration of ~66%) with O2 (concentration of ~34%) for medical purpose, such as treatment of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients, is introduced. Furthermore, the design principles of a hydrogen inhaler which generates mixture of hydrogen (~66%) with oxygen (~34%) for medical purpose are proposed. With the installation of the liquid blocking module and flame arresters, the air pathway of the hydrogen inhaler is divided by multiple isolation zones to prevent any unexpected explosion propagating from one zone to the other. An integrated filtering/cycling module is utilized to purify the impurity, and cool down the temperature of the electrolytic module to reduce the risk of the explosion. Moreover, a nebulizer is provided to selectively atomize the water into vapor which is then mixed with the filtered hydrogen-oxygen mix gas, such that the static electricity of a substance hardly occurs to reduce the risk of the explosion. Furthermore, hydrogen concentration detector is installed to reduce the risk of hydrogen leakage. Result shows that the hydrogen inhaler implementing the aforesaid design rules could effectively inhibit the explosion, even ignition at the outset of the hydrogen inhaler which outputs hydrogen-oxygen gas (approximately 66% hydrogen: 34% oxygen).

This book presents analytical formulas which allow one to calculate the S-matrix for the acoustic and electromagnetic wave scattering by small bodies or arbitrary shapes with arbitrary accuracy. Equations for the self-consistent field in media consisting of many small bodies are derived. Applications of these results to ultrasound mammography and electrical engineering are considered. The above formulas are not available in the works of other authors. Their derivation is based on a mathematical theory for solving integral equations of electrostatics, magnetostatics, and other static fields. These equations are at a simple characteristic value. Convergent iterative processes are constructed for stable solution of these equations. The theory completes the classical work of Rayleigh on scattering by small bodies by providing analytical formulas for polarizability tensors for bodies of arbitrary shapes.

A unique and comprehensive graduate text and reference on numerical methods for electromagnetic phenomena, from atomistic to continuum scales, in biology, optical-to-micro waves, photonics, nanoelectronics and plasmas. The state-of-the-art numerical methods described include: • Statistical fluctuation formulae for the dielectric constant • Particle-Mesh-Ewald, Fast-Multipole-Method and image-based reaction field method for long-range interactions • High-order singular/hypersingular (Nyström collocation/Galerkin) boundary and volume integral methods in layered media for Poisson–Boltzmann electrostatics, electromagnetic wave scattering and electron density waves in quantum dots • Absorbing and UPML boundary conditions • High-order hierarchical Nédélec edge elements • High-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and Yee finite difference time-domain methods • Finite element and plane wave frequency-domain methods for periodic structures • Generalized DG beam propagation method for optical waveguides • NEGF(Non-equilibrium Green's function) and Wigner kinetic methods for quantum transport • High-order WENO and Godunov and central schemes for hydrodynamic transport • Vlasov-Fokker-Planck and PIC and constrained MHD transport in plasmas

The focus of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms for the alleviation of Cu toxicity in plants by coexistent cations (e.g. Al³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, H⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺) and the development of an electrostatic model to predict 50% effect activities (EA50s) accurately. The alleviation of Cu²⁺ toxicity was evaluated in several plants in terms of (i) the electrical potential at the outer surface of the plasma membrane (PM) ( Ψ 0 ∘ ) and (ii) competition between cations for sites at the PM involved in the uptake or toxicity of Cu²⁺, the latter of which is invoked by the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) as the sole explanation for the alleviation of toxicity. The addition of coexistent cations into the bulk-phase medium reduces the negativity of Ψ 0 ∘ and hence decreases the activity of Cu²⁺ at the PM surface. Our analyses suggest that the alleviation of toxicity results primarily from electrostatic effects (i.e. changes in both the Cu²⁺ activity at the PM surface and the electrical driving force across the PM), and that BLM-type competitive effects may be of lesser importance in plants. Although this does not exclude the possibility of competition, the data highlight the importance of electrostatic effects. An electrostatic model was developed to predict Cu²⁺ toxicity thresholds (EA50s), and the quality of its predictive capacity suggests its potential utility in risk assessment of copper in natural waters and soils.