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Desert energy : a guide to the technology, impacts, and opportunities
\"This book examines the key technologies being deployed in an effort to tap the potential presented by world's deserts for siting large-scale solar power applications, and surveys the feasibility of such projects given the remoteness and the hostility of these environments Focusing on large scale photovoltaics and concentrating solar thermal power, it explains how the systems work, projects that are being planned, the required scales, and the technical difficulties they need to overcome to function effectively. It then moves on to examine the economics of such projects (including financing) and the social and environmental effects they may have. Illustrated throughout by reference to built or planned projects, and written in a clear, jargon-free style, this is a must-read for anyone interested in the development of large scale solar applications\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Climate change impacts on the energy system: a review of trends and gaps
Major transformation of the global energy system is required for climate change mitigation. However, energy demand patterns and supply systems are themselves subject to climate change impacts. These impacts will variously help and hinder mitigation and adaptation efforts, so it is vital they are well understood and incorporated into models used to study energy system decarbonisation pathways. To assess the current state of understanding of this topic and identify research priorities, this paper critically reviews the literature on the impacts of climate change on the energy supply system, summarising the regional coverage of studies, trends in their results and sources of disagreement. We then examine the ways in which these impacts have been represented in integrated assessment models of the electricity or energy system.Studies tend to agree broadly on impacts for wind, solar and thermal power stations. Projections for impacts on hydropower and bioenergy resources are more varied. Key uncertainties and gaps remain due to the variation between climate projections, modelling limitations and the regional bias of research interests. Priorities for future research include the following: further regional impact studies for developing countries; studies examining impacts of the changing variability of renewable resources, extreme weather events and combined hazards; inclusion of multiple climate feedback mechanisms in IAMs, accounting for adaptation options and climate model uncertainty.
Journal Article
Optimal sizing and location of grid-interfaced PV, PHES, and ultra capacitor systems to replace LFO and HFO based power generations
The impacts of climate change, combined with the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, are forcing human civilizations to reconsider the design of electricity generation systems to gradually and extensively incorporate renewable energies. This study aims to investigate the technical and economic aspects of replacing all heavy fuel oil (HFO) and light fuel oil (LFO) thermal power plants connected to the electricity grid in southern Cameroon. The proposed renewable energy system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) field, a pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) system, and an ultra-capacitor energy storage system. The economic and technical performance of the new renewable energy system was assessed using metrics such as total annualized project cost (TAC), loss of load probability (LOLP), and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The Multi-Objective Bonobo Optimizer (MOBO) was used to both size the components of the new renewable energy system and choose the best location for the solar PV array. The results achieved using MOBO were superior to those obtained from other known optimization techniques. Using metaheuristics for renewable energy system sizing necessitated the creation of mathematical models of renewable energy system components and techno-economic decision criteria under MATLAB software. Based on the results for the deficit rate (LPSP) of zero, the installation of the photovoltaic field in Bafoussam had the lowest TAC of around 52.78 × 10
6
€ when compared to the results for Yaoundé, Bamenda, Douala, and Limbe. Finally, the project profitability analysis determined that the project is financially viable when the energy produced by the renewable energy systems is sold at an average price of 0.12 €/kWh.
Journal Article
Reconstruction of global gridded monthly sectoral water withdrawals for 1971–2010 and analysis of their spatiotemporal patterns
Human water withdrawal has increasingly altered the global water cycle in
past decades, yet our understanding of its driving forces and patterns is
limited. Reported historical estimates of sectoral water withdrawals are
often sparse and incomplete, mainly restricted to water withdrawal estimates
available at annual and country scales, due to a lack of observations at seasonal
and local scales. In this study, through collecting and consolidating
various sources of reported data and developing spatial and temporal
statistical downscaling algorithms, we reconstruct a global monthly gridded
(0.5∘) sectoral water withdrawal dataset for the period 1971–2010,
which distinguishes six water use sectors, i.e., irrigation, domestic,
electricity generation (cooling of thermal power plants), livestock, mining,
and manufacturing. Based on the reconstructed dataset, the spatial and
temporal patterns of historical water withdrawal are analyzed. Results show
that total global water withdrawal has increased significantly during 1971–2010,
mainly driven by the increase in irrigation water withdrawal.
Regions with high water withdrawal are those densely populated or with large
irrigated cropland production, e.g., the United States (US), eastern China,
India, and Europe. Seasonally, irrigation water withdrawal in summer for the
major crops contributes a large percentage of total annual irrigation water
withdrawal in mid- and high-latitude regions, and the dominant season of
irrigation water withdrawal is also different across regions. Domestic water
withdrawal is mostly characterized by a summer peak, while water withdrawal
for electricity generation has a winter peak in high-latitude regions and a
summer peak in low-latitude regions. Despite the overall increasing trend,
irrigation in the western US and domestic water withdrawal in western Europe
exhibit a decreasing trend. Our results highlight the distinct spatial
pattern of human water use by sectors at the seasonal and annual timescales. The
reconstructed gridded water withdrawal dataset is open access, and can be
used for examining issues related to water withdrawals at fine spatial,
temporal, and sectoral scales.
Journal Article
Review on phase change materials for solar energy storage applications
The energy storage application plays a vital role in the utilization of the solar energy technologies. There are various types of the energy storage applications are available in the todays world. Phase change materials (PCMs) are suitable for various solar energy systems for prolonged heat energy retaining, as solar radiation is sporadic. This literature review presents the application of the PCM in solar thermal power plants, solar desalination, solar cooker, solar air heater, and solar water heater. Even though the availability and cost of PCMs are complex and high, the PCMs are used in most solar energy methods due to their significant technical parameters improvisation. This review’s detailed findings paved the way for future recommendations and methods for the investigators to carry work for further system developments.
Journal Article
Greenhouse gases emission reduction for electric power generation sector by efficient dispatching of thermal plants integrated with renewable systems
This research aims to contribute in developing a mathematical model for the composite probabilistic energy emissions dispatch (CPEED) with renewable energy systems, and it proposes a novel framework, based on an existing astute black widow optimization (ABWO) algorithm. Renewable energy power generation technology has contributed to pollution reduction and sustainable development. Therefore, this research aims to explore the CPEED problem in the context of renewable energy generation systems to enhance the energy and climate benefits of the power systems. Five benchmark test systems, combined with conventional thermal power plants and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, are considered herein to obtain the optimum solution for cost and pollutant emission by using the ABWO approach. The ascendancy is not limited to environmental impacts, but it also provides the diversification of energy supply and reduction of reliance on imported fuels. As a result, the research findings contribute in lowering the cost of fuel and pollutant emissions, correlated with electricity generation systems, while increasing the renewable energy usage and penetration. Finally, the performance and efficacy of the designed scheme have been fully validated by comprehensive experimental results and statistical analyses.
Journal Article
A Review of Coal Fly Ash Utilization to Save the Environment
Due to rapid development and urbanization, electricity demand is increasing daily. Coal-based thermal power plants are one of the major sources of electricity. A by-product of thermal power plants is fly ash; every year, huge amounts of fly ash are generated globally. Disposal of fly ash in landfills needs a vast area and poses various environmental problems. So, various processes and new technology are needed to develop to utilize this gigantic amount of waste material to save the environment. The objective of this review paper is the eco-friendly utilization of fly ash powder to solve various environmental problems and to diminish disposal issues. This paper reports the fly ash utilization in the field of geopolymers, silica aerogels, zeolites, lightweight aggregates, and natural fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites, respectively. Further, the review also reports the various process parameters and the work done by various researchers.
Journal Article
Efficient pressure regulation in nonlinear shell-and-tube steam condensers via a Novel TDn(1 + PIDn) controller and DCSA algorithm
Steam condensers are vital components of thermal power plants, responsible for converting turbine exhaust steam back into water for reuse in the power generation cycle. Effective pressure regulation is crucial to ensure operational efficiency and equipment safety. However, conventional control strategies, such as PI, PI-PDn and FOPID controllers, often struggle to manage the nonlinearities and disturbances inherent in steam condenser systems. This paper introduces a novel multistage controller, TDn(1 + PIDn), optimized using the diligent crow search algorithm (DCSA). The proposed controller is specifically designed to address system nonlinearities, external disturbances, and the complexities of dynamic responses in steam condensers. Key contributions include the development of a flexible multi-stage control framework and its optimization via DCSA to achieve enhanced stability, faster response times, and reduced steady-state errors. Simulation results demonstrate that the TDn(1 + PIDn) controller outperforms conventional control strategies, including those tuned with advanced metaheuristic algorithms, in terms of settling time, overshoot, and integral of time weighted absolute error (ITAE). This study marks a significant advancement in pressure regulation strategies, providing a robust and adaptive solution for nonlinear industrial systems.
Journal Article
Solar power technology for electricity generation: A critical review
Negative environmental impact of fossil fuel consumption highlight the role of renewable energy sources and give them a unique opportunity to grow and improve. Among renewable energy sources solar energy attract more attention and many studies have focused on using solar energy for electricity generation. Here, in this study, solar energy technologies are reviewed to find out the best option for electricity generation. Using solar energy to generate electricity can be done either directly and indirectly. In the direct method, PV modules are utilized to convert solar irradiation into electricity. In the indirect method, thermal energy is harnessed employing concentrated solar power (CSP) plants such as Linear Fresnel collectors and parabolic trough collectors. In this paper, solar thermal technologies including soar trough collectors, linear Fresnel collectors, central tower systems, and solar parabolic dishes are comprehensively reviewed and barriers and opportunities are discussed. In addition, a comparison is made between solar thermal power plants and PV power generation plants. Based on published studies, PV‐based systems are more suitable for small‐scale power generation. They are also capable of generating more electricity in a specific area in comparison with CSP‐based systems. However, based on economic considerations, CSP plants are better in economic return.
In this paper, both methods of electricity generation are reviewed and compared. Based on published studies, PV‐based systems are more suitable for small‐scale power generation. They are also capable of generating more electricity in a specific area in comparison with CSP‐based systems. However, based on economic considerations, CSP plants are better in economic return.
Journal Article
Utilization of coal fly ash in China: a mini-review on challenges and future directions
The rapid economic development in China places a large demand for energy, and as a result, thermal power plants in China are producing an enormous amount of coal fly ash (CFA) which causes severe environmental pollution. This paper briefly describes the current production and utilization status of CFA in China and identifies the challenges confronting sustainable CFA utilization as the Chinese economy is being transformed. These issues include a regional imbalance in supply and demand, reducing demand in the real estate industry as well as stricter laws for environmental protection. Viable directions for future CFA utilization are proposed, for example, production of CFA-based ceramic tiles, recovery of elemental resources, agricultural melioration, treatment of wastewater and flue gas, and production of high-volume CFA concretes. This paper has some guiding significance for sustainable and cleaner utilization of CFA in China and even worldwide.
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Journal Article