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"Underground structures"
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Hidden London : discovering the forgotten underground
An exploration of the abandoned tributaries of London's vast and vital transportation network through breathtaking images and unexpected stories. 'Hidden London' is a lavishly illustrated history of disused and repurposed London Underground spaces. It provides the first narrative of a previously secret and barely understood aspect of London's history. Behind locked doors and lost entrances lies a secret world of abandoned stations, redundant passageways, empty elevator shafts, and cavernous ventilation ducts. The Tube is an ever-expanding network that has left in its wake hidden places and spaces. \"Hidden London\" opens up the lost worlds of London's Underground and offers a fascinating analysis of why Underground spaces--including the deep-level shelter at Clapham South, the closed Aldwych station, the lost tunnels of Euston--have fallen into disuse and how they have been repurposed. With access to previously unseen archives, architectural drawings, and images, the authors create an authoritative account of London's hidden Underground story. This surprising and at times myth-breaking narrative interweaves spectacular, newly commissioned photography of disused stations and Underground structures today.
Book
UAV-Based Remote Sensing for Detection and Visualization of Partially-Exposed Underground Structures in Complex Archaeological Sites
The utilization of remote sensing technologies for archaeology was motivated by their ability to map large areas within a short time at a reasonable cost. With recent advances in platform and sensing technologies, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems have emerged as a promising tool due to their low cost, ease of deployment/operation, and ability to provide high-resolution geospatial data. In some cases, archaeological sites might be covered with vegetation, which makes the identification of below-canopy structures quite challenging. The ability of LiDAR energy to travel through gaps within vegetation allows for the derivation of returns from hidden structures below the canopy. This study deals with the development and deployment of a UAV system equipped with imaging and LiDAR sensing technologies assisted by an integrated Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) for the archaeological mapping of Dana Island, Turkey. Data processing strategies are also introduced for the detection and visualization of underground structures. More specifically, a strategy has been developed for the robust identification of ground/terrain surface in a site characterized by steep slopes and dense vegetation, as well as the presence of numerous underground structures. The derived terrain surface is then used for the automated detection/localization of underground structures, which are then visualized through a web portal. The proposed strategy has shown a promising detection ability with an F1-score of approximately 92%.
Journal Article
Numerical analysis on seismic performance of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites from centrifuge shaking table test
When an underground structure passes through a liquefiable soil layer, the soil liquefaction may pose a significant threat to the structure. A centrifuge shaking table test was performed to research the seismic response of underground structures in liquefiable interlayer sites, and a valid numerical model was obtained through simulation model test. Finally, the calibrated numerical model was used to perform further research on the influence of various distribution characteristics of liquefiable interlayers on the seismic reaction of underground structures. The key findings are as follows. The structure faces the most unfavorable condition once a liquefiable layer is located in the middle of the underground structure. When a liquefiable layer exists in the middle of the structure, the seismic reactions of both the underground structure and model site will increase with the rise of the thickness of the liquefiable interlayer. The inter-story drift of the structure in the non-liquefiable site is much smaller than that in the liquefiable interlayer site. The inter-story drift of the structure is not only associated with the site displacement and the soil-structure stiffness ratio but also closely associated with the slippage of the soil-structure contact interface under the condition of large deformation of the site.
Journal Article
Response spectrum method for seismic soil–structure interaction analysis of underground structure
The response spectrum method (RSM) has been incorporated into many codes for seismic design of aboveground structures since 1950s. However, no RSM is presented in details for the seismic design of underground structures due to the complexity of seismic soil–structure interaction (SSI). In this paper, the RSM is developed for the seismic analysis of the underground structures including SSI. First, the underground design response spectrum is derived using two different procedures from the ground design response spectrum that is commonly available in most seismic design codes. Second, the SSI analysis model consisting of the underground structure and its adjacent soil is established with the roller side boundaries and the bottom boundary subjected to the underground response spectrum. Third, the RSM is applied to the SSI analysis model to estimate the structural response under the underground response spectrum. Finally, the numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the RSM for the SSI analysis model of underground structure.
Journal Article
Engineering Analysis of Stress-Strain State of Rock Mass Around Dual-Use Underground Structures Under Dynamic Loads
The effect of vibrations initiated by the explosion on the surface is considered, and the algorithm for engineering analysis of the stress-strain state of the rock layer near the contour of the underground structure is proposed. The dependences of compressive dynamic stresses and relative deformations in granite, siltstone, and sandstone near the structure contour on its burial depth and the explosive charge mass are presented. Engineering analysis of the example of the construction of metro in Dnipro has shown that in such conditions it is advisable to use a protective layer of polymeric material in thestructure roof to protect the tunnels.
Journal Article
The choice of durable blocking waterproofing mathematical method
Subject: the main issue during the study is the problem of choosing the optimal waterproofing system for the underground parts of buildings and structures. Objectives: choosing the optimal waterproofing system using a mathematical method - hierarchy analysis method. Materials and methods: the procedure of pairwise comparisons that prioritize the hierarchical structure. Results: the mathematical method allowed us to determine the optimal system - a complex system with durable mineral-based waterproofing materials. Conclusions: the effectiveness of the mathematical method is reflected in the selection of the optimal solution for the protection of supporting underground structural elements. On the basis of which a new technology for the protection of foundations is proposed.
Journal Article
New Method for Calculating Soil Pressure on Shallow Underground Structures in Layered Soil
To calculate the surrounding soil pressure applied to shallow underground structures in layered soils, a new calculation method suitable for shallow underground works in layered soil is proposed by introducing the horizontal slice method (HSM). Through comparison with traditional methods and measured data, the rationality and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated. Model parameters, model assumptions, and limitations of the proposed method are also discussed. The research results find that the vertical soil pressure obtained from the proposed method is close to the results of Bierbaum’s theory and method in the Chinese “Code for Design of Railway Tunnel”, all showing a linear growth trend, but the lateral earth pressure derived from the proposed method shows a nonlinear distribution. The vertical pressure is linearly positively correlated with internal friction angle, cohesion, and burial depth, while it is linearly negatively correlated with the equivalent friction angle. The lateral earth pressure decreases with an increase in the internal friction angle and cohesion at the same depth, while it increases with an increasing equivalent friction angle. For layered soil, lateral stress undergoes abrupt changes of different degrees at the soil layer boundary and the burial depth boundary.
Journal Article
Seismic site–city interaction analysis of super-tall buildings surrounding an underground station: a case study in Hong Kong
Understanding site–city interaction (SCI) is important for sustainable urban development in seismic regions. Due to vertical expansion of cities, super-tall buildings with deep foundations and large underground chambers are often simultaneously present. However, the role of these structures and their layouts in SCI have not been considered before. This study quantifies the effects of SCI at a congested transport hub in Hong Kong, utilizing 3D numerical modeling. At the site, 16 high-rise buildings surround a center plaza with a large metro station underground. This research demonstrates that the building layout, building inertia, and interaction between underground structures through the soil govern SCI at the site, causing ground motion perturbations and wave trapping between buildings. The presence of buildings causes up to 150–200% amplification in the short-period acceleration spectra and 150% PGA amplifications in the center plaza. Notable SCI effects on structures only appear as excess maximum story accelerations, in the order of 1–2 m/s2, and increased destructive kinetic energy. Amid and around the high-rise buildings, SCI effects may significantly increase seismic demand on short structures. Finally, increasing the seismic demand for the design of super-tall and low-rise buildings is recommended to account for the SCI effects.
Journal Article
Influence of ring blasting pattern on the safety of nearby underground structures
Longhole stoping is a productive exploitation technique for underground metalliferous deposits. The method consists of deep-hole blasting with increased explosive charges to excavate larger volume of ore from a single blast. However, large scale blasting produces hazards in terms of blast-induced vibration. The underground structures viz. drivages, cross-cuts, shaft pillar, shaft, decline, etc. in the proximity of blasting face need to be safeguarded from damages due to blast vibration. This paper is a case study on investigating the influence of the charging parameters on the safety of nearby underground structures at Sindesar-Khurd Lead-Zinc underground mine. Experimental blasts with variations in charging parameters were performed at the mine for this purpose. The ground vibration data were recorded from the experiment and analysed using neural network analysis and regression analysis. The importance of different charging parameters on ground vibration magnitude has been identified using importance analysis. Regression analysis has been carried out to establish predictor equations correlating different charging parameters with peak particle velocity (PPV). The influence of charging parameters has also been investigated using Probability-value (P-value) approach. The neural network and regression analysis approaches have identified the zones from the blasting face where, distance, maximum charge weight per delay, total explosive charge in a ring and total explosive charge in a blasting round has significant impact. Accordingly, the predictors consisting of different charging parameters have been established. The optimum charging parameters have been suggested based on these predictors for blasting at the mine. The suggested charging parameters are focused on to reduce vibration near underground structures within the safe limit.
Journal Article
Integrated Leakage Control Technology for Underground Structures in Karst Terrains: Multi-Stage Grouting and Zoned Remediation at Guangzhou Baiyun Metro Station
This study presents a comprehensive treatment system for addressing leakage challenges in underground structure construction within complex karst terrains, demonstrated through the case of Baiyun Station in Guangzhou. Integrating advanced geological investigation, dynamic grouting techniques, and adaptive structural remediation strategies, this methodology effectively mitigates water inflow risks in structurally heterogeneous karst environments. Key innovations include the “one-trench two-drilling” exploration-grouting system for karst cave detection and filling, a multi-stage emergency water-gushing control protocol combining cofferdam sealing and dual-fluid grouting, and a zoned epoxy resin injection scheme for structural fissure remediation. Implementation at Baiyun Station achieved quantifiable outcomes: karst cave filling rates increased from 35.98% to 82.6%, foundation pit horizontal displacements reduced by 67–68%, and structural seepage repair rates reached 96.4%. The treatment system reduced construction costs by CNY 12 million and shortened schedules by 45 days through optimized pile formation efficiency (98% qualification rate) and minimized rework. While demonstrating superior performance in sealing > 0.2 mm fissures, limitations persist in addressing sub-micron fractures and ensuring long-term epoxy resin durability. This research establishes a replicable framework for underground engineering in karst regions, emphasizing real-time monitoring, multi-technology synergy, and environmental sustainability.
Journal Article