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"Water security Middle East"
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Environment, Society and Security: Interrelated Challenges in the Middle East
The environment has no political boundaries. [...]cross-border and/or regional cooperation is highly advisable either in the sharing of the common environment or in managing the problems that arise. While Arab states have traditionally received these refugees well and even provided services and social benefits to their Arab \"brethren,\" before long restrictions had to be introduced as water and electricity consumption, the cost of living and unemployment skyrocketed.6 The water situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is defined not only by natural and/or humanitarian causes, but also by political and legal commitments, such as the Oslo Agreement and Israel's responsibility as the occupying power under international law.
Journal Article
Water and conflict in the Middle East
This volume explores the role of water in the Middle East's current economic, political and environmental transformations, which are set to continue in the near future. In addition to examining water conflict from within the domestic contexts of Iraq, Yemen and Syria - all experiencing high levels of instability today - the contributors shed further light on how conflict over water resources has influenced political relations in the region. They interrogate how competition over water resources may precipitate or affect war in the Middle East, and assess whether or how resource vulnerability impacts fragile states and societies in the region and beyond.
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Water Scarcity, Climate Change and Conflict in the Middle East
The countries that make up the MENA region display wide diversity. One of the poorest countries in the world sits alongside two of the wealthiest, whilst the region's natural resources range from immeasurable oil and gas reserves to some of the scantiest natural endowments anywhere in the world. Yet through this diversity runs a common thread: water scarcity. Now, through the impact of human development and climate change, the water resource itself is changing,bringing new risks and increasing the vulnerability of all those dependent on water. Chris Ward and Sandra Ruckstuhl assess the increased challenges now facing the countries of the region, placing particular emphasis on water scarcity and the resultant risks to livelihoods, food security and the environment. They evaluate the risks and reality of climate change in the region, and offer an assessment of the vulnerability of agriculture and livelihoods. In a final section, they explore the options for responding to the new challenges, including policy, institutional, economic and technical measures.
eBook
Routledge Handbook on Middle East Security
Routledge Handbook on Middle East Security provides the first comprehensive look at Middle East security issues that includes both traditional and emerging security threats.
Taking a broad perspective on security, the volume offers both analysis grounded in the ‘hard’ military and state security discourse but also delves into the ‘soft’ aspects of security employing a human security perspective. As such the volume addresses imminent challenges to security, such as the ones relating directly to the war in Syria, but also the long-term challenges. The traditional security problems, which are deep-seated, are at risk of being exacerbated also by a lack of focus on emerging vulnerabilities in the region. While taking as a point of departure the prevalent security discourse, the volume also goes beyond the traditional focus on military or state security and considers non-traditional security challenges.
This book provides a state-of-the-art review of research on the key challenges for security in the Middle East; it will be a key resource for students and scholars interested in Security Studies, International Relations, Political Science and Middle Eastern studies.
eBook
Water, energy & food sustainability in the Middle East : the sustainability triangle
This book provides a survey of technologies available to tackle the problems associated with climate change in the energy, water and food security nexus with a special focus on the Middle East. It is divided into three main sections. The energy Section consists of six chapters, the water section of seven chapters and finally the food security section has six chapters. The individual chapters are authored by experts and provide discussions and in-depth views on the current status of each topic.
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Assessment of food trade impacts on water, food, and land security in the MENA region
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the largest water deficit in the world. It also has the least food self-sufficiency. Increasing food imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water savings and hence to increased water security. However, increased domestic food production is a better way to achieve food security, even if irrigation demands an increase in accordance with projected climate changes. Accordingly, the trade-off between food security and the savings of water and land through food trade is considered to be a significant factor for resource management, especially in the MENA region. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of food trade on food security and water–land savings in the MENA region. We concluded that the MENA region saved significant amounts of national water and land based on the import of four major crops, namely, barley, maize, rice, and wheat, within the period from 2000 to 2012, even if the food self-sufficiency is still at a low level. For example, Egypt imported 8.3 million t yr−1 of wheat that led to 7.5 billion m3 of irrigation water and 1.3 million ha of land savings. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers to the trade of water embedded in food products and analyzed the structure of VWT in the MENA region using degree and eigenvector centralities. The study revealed that the MENA region focused more on increasing the volume of virtual water imported during the period 2006–2012, yet little attention was paid to the expansion of connections with country exporters based on the VWT network analysis.
Journal Article
Assessment of water security under climate change for the large watershed of Dorudzan Dam in southern Iran
‘Blue water’ is the portion of freshwater flowing through rivers and the subsurface (groundwater) that is available for human consumption. ‘Green water’ is the portion stored in the unsaturated soil and vegetation canopy that is available only indirectly. Security of blue and green water resources is assessed over the Dorudzan Dam watershed in southern Iran. Precipitation and temperature data from 22 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 are transiently downscaled at five climatic stations under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to simulate and quantify blue and green water components over the region at the present time and under climate-change conditions. Climate-change study indicates that precipitation decreases (13–17%) and temperature increases (1.7–3. 3 °C) under the three RCPs, leading to substantial dam-inflow reduction. Evapotranspiration will increase while soil-water content will decrease, further intensifying green-water scarcity and vulnerability. Water use from the Kor River is sustainable at present, but future climate change will raise some ecological hotspots. Groundwater exploitation is currently unsustainable in all aquifers of the study area and climate change will further decrease the available groundwater, leading to intensification of the water crisis. Assessment of inter-annual security under climate change indicates that maximum scarcities of green water and surface blue water occur during spring and summer, and subsurface blue water (groundwater) maxima occur throughout the year. Thus, climate change threatens the future security of water resources in this arid watershed, requiring different management strategies for sustainability.
Journal Article
Making the Most of Scarcity : Accountability for Better Water Management Results in the Middle East and North Africa
Water -- the resource itself as well as
the irrigation and water supply services derived from it is
important for every country. It is fundamental to human
health, wellbeing, productivity, and livelihoods. It is also
essential for the long-term sustainability of ecosystems.
Here, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the
most water-scarce region of the world, good water management
matters even more than it does elsewhere. The report
suggests that MENA can meet its water management challenge.
People have a very real need for water for drinking and for
household uses. This domestic use, however, accounts for
less than ten percent of a typical country's water
consumption. Every country in the region has enough water
resources to meet domestic needs, even accounting for the
larger populations expected in the future. And policy
decisions can help improve the way drinking water and
sanitation services are delivered so that people get the
services they need. The bulk of a typical country's
water consumption goes to agriculture. This demand depends
on such factors as the structure of the economy,
people's consumption preferences, agriculture and trade
policies, and how efficiently water is used. These factors
can be influenced by policy choices. Similarly, countries
can protect their environmental quality with policy and
institutional choices. The necessary policy changes are far
from easy. Yet they are essential, and, when coupled with
improvements in accountability to the public, water
resources and services will support communities and promote
economic development and bring benefits to the entire population.
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