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To ensure food security and nutritional quality for a growing world population in the face of climate change, stagnant capture fisheries production, increasing aquaculture production and competition for natural resources, countries must be accountable for what they consume rather than what they produce. To investigate the sustainability of seafood consumption, we propose a methodology to examine the impact of seafood supply chains across national boundaries: the seafood consumption footprint. The seafood consumption footprint is expressed as the biomass of domestic and imported seafood production required to satisfy national seafood consumption, and is estimated using a multi-regional input output model. Thus, we reconstruct for the first time the global fish biomass flows in national supply chains to estimate consumption footprints at the global, country and sector levels (capture fisheries, aquaculture, distribution and processing, and reduction into fishmeal and fish oil) taking into account the biomass supply from beyond national borders.

The utilisation of insect meal-based fish feed as a substitute for conventional fish meal-based fish feed is considered as a promising innovative alternative to boost circularity in aquaculture and aquaponics. Basic research on its use in aquaponics is limited. So far, no reports on the effects of fish waste water, derived from a recirculating aquaculture system using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) meal-based diets, were available on the growth performance of lettuce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of reusing fish waste water from tilapia culture (as a base for the nutrient solution) fed with a fish meal-based diet (FM) and a BSF meal-based diet on resource use and lettuce growth in decoupled aquaponic systems. A conventional hydroponics nutrient solution (HP) served as control, and inorganic fertilisers were added to all nutrient solutions to reach comparable target concentrations. The experiment was conducted in a controlled climate chamber in nine separate hydroponics units, three per treatment. Lettuce fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, relative leaf chlorophyll concentration, water consumption, and the usage of inorganic fertilisers were measured. Micro- and macronutrients in the nutrient solutions were monitored in time series. Similar lettuce yield was seen in all treatments, with no significant effects on fresh and dry weight, the number of leaves, and relative chlorophyll values. Water use per plant was also similar between treatments, while the amount of total inorganic fertiliser required was 32% lower in FM and BSF compared to HP. Higher sodium concentrations were found in the FM nutrient solutions compared to BSF and HP. The results confirm that BSF-based diet is a promising alternative to FM-based diet in aquaponics with no negative effects on lettuce growth. Additionally, BSF-based diet might be beneficial in intensive, professional aquaponics applications due to the lower sodium concentration in the nutrient solution.

Recently, ecological and economic issues have affected fish meal (FM) supply, the main source of protein for shrimp. This triggered a search for alternative dietary protein sources for shrimp production. We studied the consequences of replacing FM with a defatted insect meal, ŸnMealTM (YM), comprised of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Growth and immune parameters of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannanmei) were compared after an eight-week feeding trial. Shrimp were kept in aquaria with densities of 60 and 40 shrimp/m2 and fed one of five diets in which a proportion of FM was replaced by YM. All diets were isoproteic, isoenergetic, and balanced in lysine and methionine. After the feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Growth and feed conversion parameters improved when YM was included in shrimp diets; with the highest weight gain and best food conversion ratio (FCR) achieved when 50% of FM was replaced by YM versus the control diet that contained no YM (initial weight: 1.60 g/shrimp; growth: 5.27 vs. 3.94 g/shrimp; FCR 1.20 vs. 1.59). In challenged shrimp, mortality rates were significantly less among groups that received YM, with a 76.9% lower mortality rate in the 50% FM replacement group versus the control.

Protein hydrolysates have been used extensively as dietary protein for larval fish. Typically, they are expensive, difficult to produce, and show varying results when utilized for different species. This study proposed a practical hydrolysis method that utilizes endogenous enzymes within the body to “auto-hydrolyze”, or digest its tissue proteins with its own endogenous enzymes, and produce a fishmeal tailored to nutritional requirements and absorptive capacity of larval fish. The objectives for this experiment were to determine the: 1) effect of the proposed hydrolysis method on tissue protein breakdown level; and 2) effect of dietary inclusion of obtained hydrolysates on larval growth performance, using Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Whole-body adult Zebrafish were utilized to produce an unhydrolyzed fishmeal, and three fishmeals hydrolyzed for 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively. Three diets were formulated, defined by their dietary protein supply. The Unhydro diet contained unhydrolyzed Zebrafish meal. The 50% Hydro diet contained 50% Zebrafish meal hydrolysates and 50% unhydrolyzed Zebrafish meal. The 100% Hydro diet contained 100% Zebrafish meal hydrolysates. Five groups were utilized in this study, with three groups receiving one of the produced Zebrafish meal-based diets. Larvae fed a commercial starter diet and Artemia , respectively, were included as reference groups. Larval fish were randomly stocked into tanks (100 fish per tank) at 3 days-post-hatch (dph), and the trial was carried out until 18 dph. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the proposed hydrolysis method was able to efficiently hydrolyze the protein within Zebrafish body. The feeding trial results found no significant differences in weight, total length, or survival between the Unhydro, 50% Hydro, and 100% Hydro groups. The proposed hydrolysis method provides a practical and potentially cost-effective approach to producing species-specific fishmeal hydrolysates. Further research is necessary to determine whether the produced hydrolysates can improve the growth of larval fish in other species.

Three experiments were performed to explore (i) the complete replacement of fish meal (FM) with a combination of fish residue meal (FRM, 65% round discarded fish + 35% byproduct), soy protein concentrate (SPC) from soymilk and corn gluten meal (CGM) in Trial 1 and (ii) the utilization of diets composed of increasing byproducts in FRM in the summer (Trial 2) and winter (Trial 3) seasons. In Trial 1, the ratio of (SPC + CGM):FM in the control diet (C) was 8:2. The FM component from diet C was replaced with FRM (diet, RM20), where the ratio of (SPC + CGM):FRM became 8:2, and this ratio was changed to 6:4, 4:6 and 2:8, and referred to as RM40, RM60 and RM80, respectively. In Trials 2 and 3, the ratios of round discarded fish and byproducts in FRM were adjusted to 65:35 (FRM1), 30:70 (FRM2) and 0:100 (FRM3), and the FRM component from diet RM40 in Trial 1 was replaced with FRM1, FRM2 and FRM3 to formulate diets RM1, RM2 and RM3, respectively. In Trials 1, 2 and 3, rearing periods were 10, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. In Trials 1 and 3, there were no significant differences in growth parameters, nutrient retention efficiency or plasma constituents among the treatments, irrespective of the inclusion levels of FRM in the diets (p > 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in final mean weight (p > 0.05), daily feeding rate and feed conversion ratio in diet RM3 were significantly higher and lower, respectively, compared to the control group in Trial 2 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that FM can be entirely replaced with FRM, and that the total elimination of round discarded fish from FRM does not affect growth or health status in red sea bream either in summer or winter seasons.

This study with two feeding trials evaluated low‐fish meal (FM) diets containing alternative protein sources on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, innate immune, and blood biochemical parameters of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). In the first trial, two diets were formulated to contain 60% (FM60) and 30% FM (FM30). FM30 diet was prepared by replacing 50% of FM from the FM60 diet with 11% meat meal (MM), 11% chicken byproduct meal (CBM), 5% krill meal (KM) and 5% soy protein concentrate (SPC). Atlantic salmon averaging 300 ± 1.51 g, were fed FM60, FM30, and a commercial diet for 16 weeks. Growth performance of fish‐fed FM30 diet was significantly reduced compared to that of FM60 group ( p < 0.05). Feed utilization was not significantly affected. Viscerosomatic index (VSI) was significantly higher in FM30 group ( p < 0.05). Muscle omega‐3 level was significantly higher in FM60 group and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were significantly higher in FM30 group ( p < 0.05). The second trial was conducted to evaluate commercial scale extruded pellets. Three diets (FM60, FM40, and FM30) were formulated with slight modification compared to the first trial. FM40 diet contained 40% FM with MM, CBM, KM, and soybean meal. Atlantic salmon averaging 766 ± 1.51 g were fed three diets and two other commercial diets for 33 weeks. Growth performance, feed utilization, and survival were not significantly affected by the experimental diets. Plasma alkaline phosphate (ALP) level of fish‐fed FM30 diet was significantly higher than the FM60 and FM40 groups ( p < 0.05). Muscle fatty acids were not significantly affected by the experimental diets except for the significantly higher stearic acid (18:0) acid level in FM30 group ( p < 0.05). Muscle color and carotenoid levels were not significantly affected by experimental diets. Therefore, The FM30 diet formulated in the second trial can be used in commercial Atlantic salmon aquaculture without significant negative effects compared to a diet containing 60% FM.

This study analyzed the expression of growth‐related genes of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, fed a low‐fish meal (FM) diet to investigate the replacement of the FM diet in the field. The expression of growth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis genes in the brain/pituitary/liver and plasma hormone concentrations were measured. A basal experimental diet was formulated using 63% FM and 12% soybean meal as the primary protein sources, and then two other diets were made by replacing 20% and 30% of the FM with soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry by‐products meal. Each diet was fed to duplicate groups of juvenile flounder (150 ± 3.0 g) twice a day. After 20 weeks, the plasma growth‐related hormone concentrations were similar between the control and FM20 groups. Moreover, GH/IGF axis gene mRNA expression in the brain/pituitary/liver was similar between the control and FM20 groups. Immunoblotting of muscle and liver showed the same pattern. This study showed the utility of replacing 20% of the FM diet and supports the possibility of field application.

Soybean meal and its processing products have been widely used in fish feeds. In aquaculture, there is a lack of effective targeted protection against food-borne enteritis caused by feeding soybean meal. Our preliminary research found that Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) has the potential application value. The present research evaluated the influence of supplementing different levels of IBA to diets containing high soybean meal on juvenile pearl gentian grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀  ×  E. lanceolatus♂ ). The feeding experiment lasted for eight weeks and the initial weight of the fish was 21.17 ± 0.02 g. The FM diet with fish meal as the main protein source was prepared. In addition, six diets were prepared in which soybean meal was used to replace some of the fish meal as a secondary protein source. IBA was added to these six diets at 0 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, 1.6 g/kg, 2.4 g/kg, 3.2 g/kg, and 4.0 g/kg respectively. The growth performance of the 2.4 g/kg IBA-added group was significantly higher than that of the non-added group ( P  < 0.05); the group with IBA additions equal to or more than 2.4 g/kg had longer intestinal folds and more absorptive cells; the levels of ACP, LYS, C3, and C4 in the gut showed a significant quadratic trend of decreasing and then increasing with the increase of IBA and reached a minimum at 2.4 g/kg ( P  < 0.05); the gene expression of cytokines il1β , il17 , tnfα , il4 , il5 , and tgfβ1 varied significantly among the groups with different IBA additions ( P  < 0.05). In addition, this study investigated the role of feeding 2.4 g/kg IBA on fish from the perspective of intestinal flora. In this study, we concluded that 2.4 g/kg IBA could be added to diets using soybean meal replacing 40% of fish meal, which had beneficial effects on growth performance, intestinal inflammation alleviation and intestinal flora homeostasis. This provides a theoretical basis for IBA to mitigate SBMIE in pearl gentian grouper and promote the further application of soybean meal in carnivorous fish.

The study revealed the potential of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed formulation. Five isonitrogenous diets (32% crude protein) were prepared with five different levels of FSBM as FM replacement, namely 0% FSBM (T1), 40% FSBM (T2), 50% FSBM (T3), 60% FSBM (T4), and 70% (T5). The experimental fish was given the formulated diet for eight consecutive weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were subjected to growth performance, blood parameters, blood chemical, liver histology, and gut microbiota assessment. The study findings demonstrated that the experimental fish that received the T2 diet exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) growth performance. Experimental fish that received diet T2 had significantly higher (p < 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) and significantly lower (p < 0.05) in terms of cholesterol (CHOL), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), and total protein (TP). The replacement of FSBM to FM significantly affected liver morphology on the sinusoid, vacuole, nucleus, and erythrocytes. Gut microbiota composition analysis showed a significantly high abundance (p < 0.05) of Akkermansia muciniphila in the experimental fish that received the T2 diet. The gut microbiota indicates that the experimental fish is in a healthy condition. In conclusion, replacing 40% FSBM with FM in aquafeed could enhance C. gariepinus growth performance and health conditions.

This study evaluates Salmonella contamination in feed mill production facilities over a 12-year period, analyzing collection events from 12 facilities predominantly located in the southeastern United States. The genomic data reveals a historical contamination rate, with 20% of collection events testing positive for Salmonella . Utilizing next generation sequencing this study evaluated the genetic diversity in the different facilities to determine whether the Salmonella serovars that were found are transient or resident. Salmonella serovars Montevideo, Ruiru, and Senftenberg were frequently detected, with Ruiru showing a particularly high predominance across multiple facilities, suggesting possible common sources of contamination including regional fishing waters and shared additives. The study also highlights the role of transportation and storage methods as a possible cause of cross-contamination. Future research should focus on identifying specific contamination sources and optimizing control measures to reduce Salmonella risks in fish meal production.