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The urban canopy refers to the spatial area at the average height range of urban structures. The light environment of the urban canopy not only influences the ecological conditions of the canopy layer region but also serves as an indicator of the upward light influx of artificial nighttime light in the urban environment. Previous research on urban nighttime light environment mainly focused on the urban surface layer and urban night sky layer, lacking attention to the urban canopy layer. This study observes the urban canopy layer with the flight and photography functions of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and combines color band remote sensing data with ground measurement data to explore the relationship between the three levels of the urban nighttime light environment. Furthermore, a three–dimensional observation method is established for urban nighttime light environments based on a combination of three observation methods. The research results indicate that there is a good correlation between drone aerial photography data and remote sensing data (R2 = 0.717), as well as between ground–measured data and remote sensing data (R2 = 0.876). It also shows that UAV images can serve as a new path for the observation of urban canopy nighttime light environments because of the accuracy and reliability of UAV aerial data. Meanwhile, the combination of UAV photography, ground measurement, and remote sensing data provides a new method for the monitoring and control of urban nighttime light pollution.

To investigate the impact of “bright to dark” uneven lighting conditions on driver recognition of retroreflective guide signs in the diverging zones of underwater ramp interchanges, this study adjusts the luminance contrast between adjacent lighting segments in a tunnel to explore its effect on the recognition distance of retroreflective guide signs, thereby providing a basis for the rational design of lighting conditions in this area. Based on the driver’s safe recognition process, the minimum sight distance requirements for retroreflective guide signs were first determined under three representative operating speeds. Following the tunnel lighting design principles specified in Chinese standards, eight dark-environment luminance levels and nineteen bright-environment luminance levels were established. A total of 124 non-uniform “bright–dark” lighting combinations were then generated by varying the luminance difference in 1 cd/m2 increments. Subsequently, 24 passenger car drivers were selected to conduct dynamic recognition experiments of guide signs under the “bright–dark” lighting transition conditions in the tunnel ramp diverging zone. Recognition distances were measured using a non-contact speedometer to capture the driver’s distance to the sign. A regression model was developed to quantify the relationship between sign recognition distance, luminance difference, and dark-environment luminance. The model’s accuracy is reflected in the fact that 92.7% of the predicted values had an absolute error of less than 10 m compared to the observed values. The results show that luminance difference has a significant impact on recognition distance, which increases initially and then stabilizes as luminance difference grows. When the dark-environment luminance is below 3.5 cd/m2, the effect of luminance difference on recognition distance is more pronounced than when it exceeds 3.5 cd/m2. Based on these findings, threshold values of bright-environment luminance ensuring safe recognition distances under varying dark-environment luminance conditions are proposed. It is further recommended that, for design speeds of 100 km/h or higher, the dark-environment luminance should not be lower than 2.5 cd/m2 to maintain safe visibility of retroreflective guide signs.

The sports center is a new type of sports building with high participation and high lighting energy consumption. A typical building model is constructed and analyzed by combining Rhino Grasshopper and Ecotect simulation software, and the passive strategy of placing cavities is used to reduce the lighting energy consumption and improve the lighting coefficient, which is beneficial to the health and visual comfort of users. Data analysis revealed that built-in cavities are effective at increasing the average illuminance of the underlying space. For spaces with glare, using skin cavities significantly reduces the possibility of discomforting glare. In the architectural design of the sports center, the form, size, number, material, and other factors of the cavity should be carefully considered to meet the demand for daylighting and improve the comfort of the indoor light environment, which provides a valuable reference for the architectural design of the sports center.

The objective of this study was to investigate the growth and light-intercepting characteristics of tomatoes when movable benches are used in their cultivation. We cultivated tomatoes in a greenhouse (168 m2) during summer (9 July–9 September 2018) under different furrow distances (F1.0 = 1.0 m and F1.6 = 1.6 m) and movable benches (M indicates that the furrow distance = 0.4–0.8 m). Compared to the other treatments, when the movable bench was used to the change furrow distance depending on the plant growth stage (M treatment), the percentage of canopy light interception increased to ~90% at the early stage of plant growth (~20 days after transplanting). The percentage of canopy light interception for different treatments increased in the order of M > F1.0 > F1.6, and it increased towards the end of cultivation. In addition, the yield per unit area exhibited the same trend. Therefore, the solar radiation inside a greenhouse can be efficiently intercepted by plants when movable benches are used. This indicated that it was possible to increase plant yield per unit area using movable benches in plant cultivation.

Leaf area (LA) is a valuable key for evaluating plant growth, therefore accurate, simple, and nondestructive methods for LA determination are important for physiological and agronomic studies. A LA prediction model based on leaf length (L) and width (W) and developed under greenhouse on 14 cultivars of rose ( Rosa hybr.*) was validated on a different cultivar of R. hybrida 'Red France' and on a wild rose species ( Rosa sempervirens L.) grown under open-field conditions with two light environments: ambient and 50% shade. Comparisons between measured vs. calculated LA using the following model: LA (cm2) = 0.56 + 0.717 LW, showed a high degree of correlation (R2 > 0.95) and provided quantitative evidence of the validity of the LA prediction model. Calculated LA values were very close to the measured values, giving an underestimation of 3.5%, 4.2%, 1.1%, and an overestimation of 1.3% in the prediction for R. hybrida ambient light, R. hybrida 50% shade, R. sempervirens ambient light, R. sempervirens 50% shade, respectively. This model can provide accurate estimations of rose LA independently of the genetic materials and the growing conditions and can be adopted in many experimental comparisons without the use of any expensive instruments.

Both natural and sexual selection are thought to affect the evolution of bird color. Most studies of the topic have focused on sexually dichromatic taxa and showy plumages, which are expected to be more influenced by social selection and usually result in increased conspicuousness. However, many bird clades display dull brown or gray plumages that vary greatly in brightness (lightness), but little in hue (shade). Here, we examine the macroevolution of brightness in one such clade, the Furnariida. We make comparisons across light environments, body parts, monochromatic lineages, and each sex of dichromatic lineages. We found that support for models including light environments is greater for the dorsum than for the venter, and that brightness evolution is more constrained in the former than in the latter. Plumages in this clade have evolved to be darker in darker habitats, consistent with natural selection for increased crypsis. Finally, the features of brightness macroevolution are broadly similar across the sexes of the dichromatic clade, challenging the view that sexual dichromatism is driven by different evolutionary processes acting in each sex. We conclude that, in the Furnariida, light environments and dorsal–ventral variation are more important than sex as axes of color evolution.

The perception and absorption of light by plants is a driving force in plant evolutionary history, as plants have evolved multiple photoreceptors to perceive different light attributes including duration, intensity, direction and quality. Plant photoreceptors interpret these signals from the light environment and mold plant architecture to maximize foliar light capture. As active sites of the production and accumulation of energy‐rich products, leaves are targets of pests and pathogens, which have driven the selection of physiological processes to protect these energy‐rich tissues. In the last ten years, several research groups have accumulated evidence showing that plant photoreceptors control specific molecular programs that define plant growth and immune processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge addressing these roles in Arabidopsis and show that (1) plant immune responses affect energy acquisition and partitioning; (2) plant photoreceptors interpret the light environment and control growth and immune processes; and finally; (3) defense and light signaling pathways can be genetically manipulated to obtain plants able to grow and defend at the same time. This basic knowledge from Arabidopsis plants should lead new lines of applied research in crops.

This paper presents lessons learned in the digital documentation of subterranean and lowlight heritage environments, with a case‐study on the four historic forts dating from the Italian Fascist period, located in Val Divedro (Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province, Piedmont, Italy). We employed photogrammetric techniques - adapted to total darkness conditions - within disused alpine fortifications, transforming these once inaccessible environments, completely devoid of natural light, into high-resolution and photographic textured 3D models. Key challenges included lighting design (or absence thereof), stabilising camera rings in wet or uneven terrain, dealing with darkness, narrow corridors, and deep vertical shafts. and ensuring sufficient overlap and coverage for accurate photogrammetric reconstruction. The outcome demonstrated that, despite the inherent challenges of working in total darkness, the photogrammetric system achieved unexpectedly excellent results. This success is particularly significant considering the strong variability of illumination caused by the limited light output of a single portable flash source. Even under these conditions, the workflow produced decent image orientation, consistent surface reconstruction, and colour accurate texturing, proving that photogrammetry can remain effective and precise when properly adapted to extreme low light environments. While laser scanning, LiDAR or SLAM systems are generally considered more orthodox solutions for environments without light, the photogrammetric approach was chosen here for its capacity to produce true-to-life, colour-accurate visualisation of surfaces, a key element for assessing conservation state and enhancing public dissemination. From these 3D models, four digital virtual tours were also created, providing remote access to sites that remain physically inaccessible due to safety conditions and lack of viable paths.

Low-light conditions significantly impede the performance of object detection systems, a challenge we address with En-YOLO, a novel framework integrating dual attention mechanisms with implicit feature learning. Here we show that En-YOLO substantially enhances detection accuracy under low-light conditions, offering a robust solution for applications in surveillance, autonomous driving, and beyond. En-YOLO employs a joint learning framework and utilizes end-to-end training strategies. Following the joint learning scheme, the object detection module can share the features obtained from ENet restoration for learning the potential features in the image and enhance the detection ability of the detector. Moreover, we designed a Dual Attention-guided Feature Filtering Module to enable En-YOLO to focus more on the exploitation and learning of critical features. Experiments are conducted on ExDark and MS-COCO datasets to show that our proposed method exhibits robust detection ability and performs well in different low-light as well as normal-light environments. Our code is available at https://github.com/Qibear/EnYOLO.

Electrochromic glass has been widely employed in buildings, due to its favorable thermal performance, optical properties and adjustability, and more attention was paid to its final states of bleached and tinted on the building thermal performance. However, because of the contradiction between visual and thermal environment, there must be their suitable balance, which the certain state between bleached and tinted, not the final states. To find this certain state and thereby, improve the application efficacy of electrochromic glass, a detail and transient spectral analysis must be done during the whole coloring and fading processes. Under this condition, an optical experiment platform was designed to test the transmittance, reflectance and absorbance of the electrochromic glass under the wavelength from 380 nm to 2500 nm.The experimental results showed the visible light regulation of electrochromic glass is mainly focused on the warm light spectrum between 500 nm and 700 nm. In the near-infrared region, the regulation of electrochromic glass to light is mainly concentrated in the 780–1400 nm range, with relatively minimal adjustment observed for other wavelengths of light. For electrochromic glass, the regulation range of global transmittance, reflectivity and absorptivity are 0.3–45.4%, 3.6–5.8% and 49.5–95.3% under the visual lights from 380 nm to 780 nm, while they are 2.6–31.9%, 3.46–5.18% and 63.2–93.3% under the near infrared lights from 780 nm to 2500 nm. The transmittance of electrochromic glass is primarily altered through the adjustment of the absorbance. This test provides the corresponding curves of the optical properties of electrochromic glass in the visible and near-infrared range, as well as the fitted curves of transmittance, reflectivity and absorptivity in the near-infrared range of the optical properties with the change of visible light. The curves are not related to the direction of discoloration, but only to the state of the glass. This article provides data that may be used to support the search for the light-heat balance of electrochromic glass in architectural applications.