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Background This study investigated the body features underpinning accurate size judgments of female bodies, and whether judgment accuracy varies with body size. Previous research indicates several body features can influence size judgments; however, there is uncertainty around which specific parts are important, if those vary with size, and whether body perception involves holistic processing (i.e., the whole body) or relies on specific cues (i.e., certain body parts). To examine these questions, we used the bodyline task, which measures two underlying sources of perceptual error in body size judgments: regression to the mean and serial dependence. Results In Experiment 1 ( N  = 99), we compared judgments of whole bodies to those made viewing the top-half or bottom-half only. Viewing the bottom-half only produced judgments as accurate as those for the whole body, suggesting holistic processing of the whole body is not required for body size judgments. Experiment 2 ( N  = 116) built on that result by comparing judgments when only the inner or outer thigh region were visible, compared to the whole body. Both isolated thigh regions led to significantly poorer accuracy in judgments compared to whole-body stimuli, indicating that accurate size judgments require more body features than those alone. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that accurate judgment of female body size does not require holistic processing but does involve integration of multiple features within the lower body region. These results have implications for understanding the perceptual processes involved in body size estimation with potential for broader considerations of body image disorders.

Recent progress in additive manufacturing technology has improved the realistic colour reproduction of 3D facial prostheses with computational optimisation of skin colour profiles. The colour appearance of the prosthetic surface depends on both the spectral characteristics of the surfaces and the scene illumination. Considering everyday environments, the colours of prosthetic surfaces should appear constant under various illuminations, although such evaluations on facial prostheses have had limited success to date. In this study, colour quality was assessed throughout the additive manufacturing process, namely, from the colour profile optimisation to the colour reproduction on the 3D facial prostheses. Colour profiles optimised for typical skin colour samples were applied to manufacture facial prostheses with two skin types, Caucasian and Chinese. The colour quality was assessed by the colour difference metric CIEDE2000 and spectral similarity against corresponding real skin data. The constant colour appearance of the prosthetic surfaces under different illuminations was estimated by introducing a reproduction colour-constancy index. The CIEDE2000 between the prosthetic and real skins was approximately 7.2 on average over all skin types and facial areas, which is slightly larger than the acceptable perceptual error. The level was relatively constant under different illuminations selected from the CIE standard daylight and fluorescent lights. The reproduction colour-constancy index ranged from 0.34 to 0.89, which is remarkably similar to the level observed in traditional colour constancy data in vision sciences. Spectral errors were close to those obtained by computational spectral reconstruction from digital RGB colours. These results suggest that the proposed colour management for facial prostheses may satisfy the requirement of colour quality in everyday environments with various illuminations. The causes and further improvement of the remaining errors in the manufacturing process are also discussed.

A new collection of procedures is developed for the analysis of two-sample, ranked-set samples, providing an alternative to the Bohn-Wolfe procedure. These procedures split the data based on the ranks in the ranked-set sample and lead to tests for the centers of distributions, confidence intervals, and point estimators. The advantages of the new tests are that they require essentially no assumptions about the mechanism by which rankings are imperfect, that they maintain their level whether rankings are perfect or imperfect, that they lead to generalizations of the Bohn-Wolfe procedure that can be used to increase power in the case of perfect rankings, and that they allow one to analyze both balanced and unbalanced ranked-set samples. A new class of imperfect ranking models is proposed, and the performance of the procedure is investigated under these models. When rankings are random, a theorem is presented which characterizes efficient data splits. Because random rankings are equivalent to iid samples, this theorem applies to a wide class of statistics and has implications for a variety of computationally intensive methods.

Primates can compute and integrate low-level decisions to make strategic adjustments to higher-level decisions. The neural substrates and mechanisms that allow this process are not known. Sarafyazd and Jazayeri performed single-cell recordings in the dorsomedial frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex of monkeys. They observed that the two brain areas, which have been implicated in error monitoring and the control of adaptive behavior, processed signals involved in causal inference. The anterior cingulate acted downstream of the dorsomedial frontal cortex. It used graded evidence derived from errors in low-level processes in a decision hierarchy to select between longer-term behavioral strategies. Science , this issue p. eaav8911 Macaque monkeys are capable of hierarchical decision-making. Humans process information hierarchically. In the presence of hierarchies, sources of failures are ambiguous. Humans resolve this ambiguity by assessing their confidence after one or more attempts. To understand the neural basis of this reasoning strategy, we recorded from dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of monkeys in a task in which negative outcomes were caused either by misjudging the stimulus or by a covert switch between two stimulus-response contingency rules. We found that both areas harbored a representation of evidence supporting a rule switch. Additional perturbation experiments revealed that ACC functioned downstream of DMFC and was directly and specifically involved in inferring covert rule switches. These results‏ reveal the computational principles of hierarchical reasoning, as implemented by cortical circuits.

Popularity of brachycephalic (flat-faced) dog breeds is increasing internationally despite well-documented intrinsic health and welfare problems associated with their conformation. Given this apparent paradox, greater understanding of the expectations and reality for brachycephalic dog owners and factors driving the dog-owner bond are needed. This study reports a large-scale online survey with valid responses from 2168 owners of brachycephalic dogs (Pugs: n = 789, median age of dogs 2.5 years; French Bulldog: n = 741, median age 2.0 years; Bulldogs: n = 638, median age 2.5 years). The most common owner-reported disorders in their dogs were allergies, corneal ulcers, skin fold infections and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). One-fifth (19.9%) of owners reported that their dog had undergone at least one conformation-related surgery, 36.5% of dogs were reported with a problem with heat regulation, and 17.9% with problems breathing. Despite awareness of their dog's health issues, 70.9% owners considered their dog to be in very good health or the best health possible. Paradoxically, just 6.8% of owners considered their dog to be less healthy than average for their breed. Dog owner-relationships were extremely strong across all three breeds. Emotional closeness to their dog was highest for owners of Pugs, female owners, and owners with no children in the household. Ownership of brachycephalic dog breeds is a complex phenomenon, characterised by extremely strong dog-owner relationships and unrealistic perceptions of good health set against high levels of disease in relatively young dogs. Perceptual errors in owner beliefs appear to exist between brachycephalic owner perspectives of their own dog's health versus the health of the rest of their breed, which may be fuelled by cognitive dissonance processes. These novel data improve our understanding of the cognitive processes and relationships that facilitate the rising popularity of breeds that paradoxically are affected by high levels of conformation-related morbidity.

Diagnostic imaging is an essential and indispensable part of medical diagnosis and treatment, and diagnostic errors or biases are also common in the department of radiology, sometimes even having a severe impact on the diagnosis and treatment of patients. There are various reasons for diagnostic errors or biases in imaging. In this review, we analyze and summarize the causes of diagnostic imaging errors and biases based on practical cases. We propose solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors and reducing their probability, thereby helping radiologists in their clinical practice.Critical relevance statement Diagnostic errors or bias contribute to most medical errors in the radiology department. Solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors are pivotal for patients.Key points• Diagnostic errors or bias contribute to most medical errors in radiology department.• Solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors are pivotal for patients.• This review summarizes the causes of diagnostic errors and offers solutions to them.

Acoustic communication in obligate brood parasitic common cuckoos ( Cuculus canorus ) plays an important role both in social contacts within its own and with other species (including its many hosts). For example, the female cuckoo’s bubbling call putatively mimics the call of the Eurasian sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus ) to serve as defence from host songbirds mobbing the parasitic female. However, several other, both raptorial and harmless, sympatric bird species also have similar vocalizations to the bubbling call (including the Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus , and the Eurasian green woodpecker, Picus viridis ). Bubbling calls are also used by female cuckoos for conspecific communication with male conspecifics and so the discrimination of acoustically similar con- vs. heterospecific calls should be functionally relevant for cuckoos. We expanded upon a published playback study with all the above species’ calls presented to male cuckoos. The subjects approached the speaker in 100% when conspecific females’ bubbling calls were played back, but rarely (6–12%) did so when either acoustically similar natural calls of sympatric species were used. However, as structurally the bubbling call has no harmonic overtones, but the calls of the other species contain them, we also conducted playbacks with manipulated sound files where the harmonics were removed. Harmonic-free heterospecific calls attracted male cuckoos more often (40–50%) than natural heterospecific calls but still less so than the natural conspecific call. These results reveal the functional importance of the presence of harmonical overtones in heterospecific calls as they can serve to reduce perceptual auditory errors in male cuckoos.

Objective To retrospectively review the causes of categorization errors using O-RADS-MRI score and to determine the presumptive causes of these misclassifications. Methods EURAD database was retrospectively queried to identify misclassified lesions. In this cohort, 1194 evaluable patients with 1502 pelvic masses (277 malignant / 1225 benign lesions) underwent standardized MRI to characterize adnexal masses with histology or 2 years’ follow-up as a reference standard. An expert radiologist reviewed cases with two junior radiologists and lesions termed misclassified if malignant lesion was scored ≤ 3, a benign lesion was scored ≥ 4, the site of origin was incorrect, or a non-adnexal mass was incorrectly categorized as benign or malignant. Results There were 139 / 1502 (9.2%) misclassified masses in 116 women including 109 adnexal and 30 non-adnexal masses. False-negative cases corresponded to 16 borderline or invasive malignant adnexal masses rated score ≤ 3 (16 / 139, 11.5%). False-positive cases corresponded to 88 benign masses were rated score 4 (67 / 139, 48.2%) or 5 (18 / 139,12.9%) or considered suspicious non-adnexal lesions (3 / 139, 2.2%). Misclassifications were only due to origin error in 12 adnexal masses (8 benign, 4 malignant) (8.6%, 12 / 139) and 23 non-adnexal masses (18 benign, 5 malignant,16.5%, 23 / 139) perceived respectively as non-adnexal and adnexal masses. Interpretive error ( n = 104), failure to recognize technical insufficient exams ( n = 9), and perceptual errors ( n = 4) were found. Most interpretive was due to misinterpretation of solid tissue or incorrect assignment of mass origin. Eighty-four out of 139 cases were correctly reclassified by the readers with strict adherence to the score rules. Conclusion Most errors were due to misinterpretation of solid tissue or incorrect assignment of mass origin. Key Points • Prospective assignment of O-RADS-MRI score resulted in misclassification of 9.25% of sonographically indeterminate pelvic masses. • Most errors were interpretive (74.8%) due to misinterpretation of solid tissue as defined by the lexicon or incorrect assignment of mass origin. • Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common source of misclassification (8.9%) (12 / 139).

Understanding the social landscape at work helps employees accomplish organizational goals. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that people are fallible perceivers of their work relationships. People do not always know how much others trust (or distrust) them, consider them a friend (or enemy), or rely on them for advice or information at work. Such relational misperceptions may be especially likely in the context of work organizations. Here, we develop theoretical accounts to explain how and why employees misinterpret the nature of their relationships with others at work—and what consequences ensue when they do. We direct attention to five key opportunities for future research on when and why relational misperceptions occur and matter in organizations. Building on the small body of organizational research and larger body of nonorganizational research on relationship misperception, we also identify areas that may be fruitful for exploration, highlighting several topics in the organizational literature that could be enlivened by considering the role of relational misperceptions. For example, we consider how employees’ relational misperceptions may affect how influential they are at work, how effectively they lead others, and how they navigate the social landscape in organizations.

The emerging connected and automated vehicle (CAV) has the potential to improve traffic efficiency and safety. With the cooperation between vehicles and intersection, CAVs can adjust speed and form platoons to pass the intersection faster. However, perceptual errors may occur due to external conditions of vehicle sensors. Meanwhile, CAVs and conventional vehicles will coexist in the near future and imprecise perception needs to be tolerated in exchange for mobility. In this paper, we present a simulation model to capture the effect of vehicle perceptual error and time headway to the traffic performance at cooperative intersection, where the intelligent driver model (IDM) is extended by the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process to describe the perceptual error dynamically. Then, we introduce the longitudinal control model to determine vehicle dynamics and role switching to form platoons and reduce frequent deceleration. Furthermore, to realize accurate perception and improve safety, we propose a data fusion scheme in which the Differential Global Positioning system (DGPS) data interpolates sensor data by the Kalman filter. Finally, a comprehensive study is presented on how the perceptual error and time headway affect crash, energy consumption as well as congestion at cooperative intersections in partially connected and automated traffic. The simulation results show the trade-off between the traffic efficiency and safety for which the number of accidents is reduced with larger vehicle intervals, but excessive time headway may result in low traffic efficiency and energy conversion. In addition, compared with an on-board sensor independently perception scheme, our proposed data fusion scheme improves the overall traffic flow, congestion time, and passenger comfort as well as energy efficiency under various CAV penetration rates.