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It is expected that the projected increased usage of implantable devices in medicine will result in a natural rise in the number of infections related to these cases. Some patients are unable to autonomously prevent formation of biofilm on implant surfaces. Suppression of the local peri-implant immune response is an important contributory factor. Substantial avascular scar tissue encountered during revision joint replacement surgery places these cases at an especially high risk of periprosthetic joint infection. A critical pathogenic event in the process of biofilm formation is bacterial adhesion. Prevention of biomaterial-associated infections should be concurrently focused on at least two targets: inhibition of biofilm formation and minimizing local immune response suppression. Current knowledge of antimicrobial surface treatments suitable for prevention of prosthetic joint infection is reviewed. Several surface treatment modalities have been proposed. Minimizing bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation inhibition, and bactericidal approaches are discussed. The ultimate anti-infective surface should be “smart” and responsive to even the lowest bacterial load. While research in this field is promising, there appears to be a great discrepancy between proposed and clinically implemented strategies, and there is urgent need for translational science focusing on this topic.

Bridging Surface Modification Just like the kids spreading their nets in pairs, thioether‐bridge‐modified polymeric surfaces selectively capture immunoglobulin G (IgG). Furthermore, they exhibit buffer responsiveness and high‐affinity binding to the IgG Fc region, acting as protein A ligands. The bridging surface modification approach and the improved understanding of protein interactions at bridged/non‐bridged interfaces could be valuable in widespread bio‐applications. More details can be found in the article 2301028 by Takanori Kishida.

Advanced materials with surfaces that have controllable oil wettability when submerged in aqueous media have great potential for various underwater applications. Here we have developed smart surfaces on commonly used materials, including non-woven textiles and polyurethane sponges, which are able to switch between superoleophilicity and superoleophobicity in aqueous media. The smart surfaces are obtained by grafting a block copolymer, comprising blocks of pH-responsive poly(2-vinylpyridine) and oleophilic/hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (i.e., P2VP -b- PDMS) on these materials. The P2VP block can alter its wettability and its conformation via protonation and deprotonation in response to the pH of the aqueous media, which provides controllable and switchable access of oil by the PDMS block, resulting in the switchable surface oil wettability in the aqueous media. On the other hand, the high flexibility of the PDMS block facilitates the reversible switching of the surface oil wettability. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrate that materials functionalized with our smart surfaces can be used for highly controllable oil/water separation processes. Surface chemistry: Switching affinity Peng Wang and co-workers have devised smart surfaces that have switchable wettability – affinity to oil and water phases. Such materials are useful for applications that require oil/water separation, and might help clean up oil spills in future. The researchers have endowed materials with smart surfaces by decorating them with a polymer made of two flexible blocks with different properties. One block exhibits a high affinity to oil phases and low affinity to aqueous ones, while the other changes its wettability but also its shape through protonation, depending on the acidity of the aqueous phase. At different pHs, therefore, either one block or the other is predominantly exposed to the solution, endowing the surface with different wettability characteristics. These smart surfaces can be coated on commonly used materials such as textiles and sponges, and showed good properties for oil capture and release applications. Schematics showing the switchable oil wettability of the P2VP- b -PDMS-grafted surface in aqueous media with different pH.

Microbial contamination and biofilm formation of medical devices is a major issue associated with medical complications and increased costs. Consequently, there is a growing need for novel strategies and exploitation of nanoscience‐based technologies to reduce the interaction of bacteria and microbes with synthetic surfaces. This article focuses on surfaces that are nanostructured, have functional coatings, and generate or release antimicrobial compounds, including “smart surfaces” producing antibiotics on demand. Key requirements for successful antimicrobial surfaces including biocompatibility, mechanical stability, durability, and efficiency are discussed and illustrated with examples of the recent literature. Various nanoscience‐based technologies are described along with new concepts, their advantages, and remaining open questions. Although at an early stage of research, nanoscience‐based strategies for creating antimicrobial surfaces have the advantage of acting at the molecular level, potentially making them more efficient under specific conditions. Moreover, the interface can be fine tuned and specific interactions that depend on the location of the device can be addressed. Finally, remaining important challenges are identified: improvement of the efficacy for long‐term use, extension of the application range to a large spectrum of bacteria, standardized evaluation assays, and combination of passive and active approaches in a single surface to produce multifunctional surfaces. Medical devices are prone to microbial colonization, which is a major issue due to medical complications and increased healthcare costs. Different nanoscience‐based strategies are being developed to reduce colonization and thereby protect medical devices against infections. In particular, nanostructured, coated, and smart surfaces that can release active agents on demand are presented.

Surfaces with tunable liquid adhesion have aroused great attention in past years. However, it remains challenging to endow a surface with the capability of droplet recognition and transportation. Here, a bioinspired surface, termed as TMAS, is presented that is inspired by isotropic lotus leaves and anisotropic butterfly wings. The surface is prepared by simply growing a triangular micropillar array on the pre‐stretched thin poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film. The regulation of mechanical stress in the PDMS film allows the fine tuning of structural parameters of the micropillar array reversibly, which results in the instantaneous, in situ switching between isotropic and various degrees of anisotropic droplet adhesions, and between strong adhesion and directional sliding of water droplets. TMAS can thus be used for robust droplet transportation and recognition of acids, bases, and their pH strengths. The results here could inspire the design of robust sensor techniques. The dynamic tuning of the wetting state of a droplet on a surface is realized by an asymmetric surface microstructure and mechanical stress. The proposed surface, TMAS, can switch in situ between isotropic and various degrees of anisotropic adhesions to water droplets, and can be used for the robust transportation of droplets and the recognition of acids, bases, and their pH strengths. TMAS shows the capability of in situ reversibility and fast response, demonstrating the future applications for sensor techniques.

Photo‐switchable coatings for lithium ion batteries (LIB) can offer the possibility to control the diffusion processes from the electrode materials to the electrolyte and thus, for example, reducing the energy loss in the fully charged state. Fulgide derivatives, as known photo‐switches, are investigated concerning their use as coating for vanadium pentoxide, a potential cathode material for LIB. With the help of Density Functional Theory calculations, two fulgide derivatives are characterized with respect to their photophysics, their aggregation behaviour on the cathode material and the ability to form self‐assembled monolayers (SAM). Furthermore, the two states of the photo‐switchable coating are tested with respect to lithium diffusion from the cathode material, passing the SAM and entering the electrolyte. We found a difference for the energy barriers depending on the state of the photo‐switch, preferring its closed form. This behaviour can be used to prevent the loss of charge in batteries of portable devices. Photo‐switchable coatings for electrodes of lithium‐ion batteries offer a potential method for externally controlling diffusion processes. Fulgide derivatives, in the form of self‐assembled monolayers on vanadium pentoxide, are studied using density functional theory simulations to investigate the influence of the state of the photo‐switch on the diffusion barriers of lithium ions, revealing a significant difference.

This paper deals with original research in smart leather surface design for the development of multifunctional properties by using multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based nanocomposites. The conductive properties were demonstrated for both sheepskin and bovine leather surfaces for 0.5% MWCNTs in finishing nanocompositions with prospects for new material design intended for flexible electronics or multifunctional leathers. The photocatalytic properties of bovine leather surface treated with 0.5% MWCNTs were shown against an olive oil stain after visible light exposure and were attributed to reactive oxygen species generation and supported by contact angle measurements in dynamic conditions. The volatile organic compounds’ decomposition and antibacterial tests confirmed the self-cleaning experimental conclusions. Ultraviolet protection factor had excellent values for leather surfaces treated with multi-walled carbon nanotube and the fastness resistance tests showed improved performance compared to control samples. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the influence of different leather surfaces on MWCNT dispersion with an effect on nanoparticle reactivity and efficiency in self-cleaning properties. Multifunctional leather surfaces were designed and demonstrated through MWCNT-based nanocomposite use under conventional finishing conditions.

In material handling, numerous solutions have been proposed to enhance the flexibility and adaptability of transport systems. Among these solutions, smart surfaces stand out as one of the most interesting responses, utilizing an array of actuators for common feeding tasks. The current paper focuses on a novel system within this category, notable for its distinguishing factor of being underactuated. With this characteristic, the concept leads to a simplified cost-effective design and a not actively driven functioning, leveraging gravity or object own velocity to manipulate the material flow maintaining top class performances, as the sorting rate reaches 4000 pcs/h. Specifically, the article begins with an introduction of the concept design and its digital model, followed by a description of the experimental setup built to test the surface’s functionality and evaluate the predictions of the virtual counterpart. On top of that, a method to determine the essential parameters for the surface simulation is proposed and applied. As a result, the prototype successfully completed the three main intralogistic tasks experimented, i.e., sorting, slowing, and stopping of packages. Lastly, the digital model outcomes of the same operations were computed and compared with the measured results, demonstrating an accuracy of prediction with displacements and time errors below 7%.

The main task of the research is to acquire fundamental knowledge about the effect of polymer structure on the physicochemical properties of films. A novel meta-material that can be used in manufacturing sensor layers was developed as a model. At the first stage, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PNaSS) cross-linked microspheres are synthesized (which are based on strong polyelectrolytes containing sulfo groups in each monomer unit), and at the second stage, PNaSS@PEDOT microspheres are formed. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) shell was obtained by the acid-assisted self-polymerization of the monomer; this process is biologically safe and thus suitable for biomedical applications. The suitability of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for E. coli detection was tested; it was revealed that the attached bacterial wall was destroyed upon application of constant oxidation potential (higher than 0.5 V), which makes the PNaSS@PEDOT microsphere particles promising materials for the development of antifouling coatings. Furthermore, under open-circuit conditions, the walls of E. coli bacteria were not destroyed, which opens up the possibility of employing such meta-materials as sensor films. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction methods were applied in order to characterize the PNaSS@PEDOT films.

Heat exposure in outdoor work environments poses risks to worker health and productivity. Engineering solutions like cool surfaces that increase surface albedo and reduce temperatures may help mitigate these impacts. We conducted detailed micrometeorological modeling to analyze surface characteristics and heat exposure for outdoor workers at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) under current conditions and three hypothetical albedo-increase scenarios. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was used to estimate potential productivity loss based on established relationships between heat stress and loss in physical work capacity. For the month of August 2020, we quantified possible gained hours of productivity per worker per month under each hypothetical albedo-increase scenario. Across the entire area of SFO, the average campus albedo was 0.20 (range: 0.08–0.85). Adopting low, moderate, and high albedo modifications for SFO would reduce peak midday WBGT by 0.89, 1.25, and 1.59 °C, respectively. The largest temperature reductions occurred during the morning shift (7 AM–3 PM). In one shift, we found a potential of 5.20, 7.16, and 8.95 h gained per worker over the entire month in the low, moderate, and high albedo modification scenarios, respectively.