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"weaning"
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Spontaneous-Breathing Trials with Pressure-Support Ventilation or a T-Piece
Among patients with a high risk of reintubation, spontaneous-breathing trials performed with pressure-support ventilation did not result in significantly more ventilator-free days at day 28 than T-piece trials.
Journal Article
Baby-led weaning : the (not-so) revolutionary way to start solids and make a happy eater
\"Around 6 months, most babies are developmentally ready to self-feed. The philosophy behind baby-led weaning is to offer your baby healthy finger foods and let her determine how much or how little she wants to eat. The baby-led method has been proven to: Encourage healthy eating habits; Discourage pickiness; Help children learn to listen to their bodies; Build confident eaters... Baby-Led Weaning features at-a-glance nutrition and food tips as well as specific chapters on special diets and allergies.\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Effects of levosimendan on respiratory muscle function in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation
Purpose
Respiratory muscle weakness frequently develops in critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcome, including difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation. Today, no drug is approved to improve respiratory muscle function in these patients. Previously, we have shown that the calcium sensitizer levosimendan improves calcium sensitivity of human diaphragm muscle fibers in vitro and contractile efficiency of the diaphragm in healthy subjects. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of levosimendan on diaphragm contractile efficiency in mechanically ventilated patients.
Methods
In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, mechanically ventilated patients performed two 30-min continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) trials with 5-h interval. After the first CPAP trial, study medication (levosimendan 0.2 µg/kg/min continuous infusion or placebo) was administered. During the CPAP trials, electrical activity of the diaphragm (EA
di
), transdiaphragmatic pressure (
P
di
), and flow were measured. Neuromechanical efficiency (primary outcome parameter) was calculated.
Results
Thirty-nine patients were included in the study. Neuromechanical efficiency was not different during the CPAP trial after levosimendan administration compared to the CPAP trial before study medication. Tidal volume and minute ventilation were higher after levosimendan administration (11 and 21%, respectively), whereas EA
di
and
P
di
were higher in both groups in the CPAP trial after study medication compared to the CPAP trial before study medication.
Conclusions
Levosimendan does not improve diaphragm contractile efficiency.
Journal Article
Comparative effectiveness of alternative spontaneous breathing trial techniques: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials
Background
The spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) technique that best balance successful extubation with the risk for reintubation is unknown. We sought to determine the comparative efficacy and safety of alternative SBT techniques.
Methods
We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to February 2023 for randomized or quasi-randomized trials comparing SBT techniques in critically ill adults and children and reported initial SBT success, successful extubation, reintubation (primary outcomes) and mortality (ICU, hospital, most protracted; secondary outcome) rates. Two reviewers screened, reviewed full-texts, and abstracted data. We performed frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis.
Results
We included 40 RCTs (6716 patients). Pressure Support (PS) versus T-piece SBTs was the most common comparison. Initial successful SBT rates were increased with PS [risk ratio (RR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.05–1.11)], PS/automatic tube compensation (ATC) [1.12 (1.01 –1.25), high flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) [1.07 (1.00–1.13) (all moderate certainty), and ATC [RR 1.11, (1.03–1.20); low certainty] SBTs compared to T-piece SBTs. Similarly, initial successful SBT rates were increased with PS, ATC, and PS/ATC SBTs compared to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) SBTs. Successful extubation rates were increased with PS [RR 1.06, (1.03–1.09); high certainty], ATC [RR 1.13, (1.05–1.21); moderate certainty], and HFNC [RR 1.06, (1.02–1.11); high certainty] SBTs, compared to T-piece SBTs. There was little to no difference in reintubation rates with PS (vs. T-piece) SBTs [RR 1.05, (0.91–1.21); low certainty], but increased reintubation rates with PS [RR 2.84, (1.61–5.03); moderate certainty] and ATC [RR 2.95 (1.57–5.56); moderate certainty] SBTs compared to HFNC SBTs.
Conclusions
SBTs conducted with pressure augmentation (PS, ATC, PS/ATC) versus without (T-piece, CPAP) increased initial successful SBT and successful extubation rates. Although SBTs conducted with PS or ATC versus HFNC increased reintubation rates, this was not the case for PS versus T-piece SBTs.
Journal Article
Nasal High-Flow versus Venturi Mask Oxygen Therapy after Extubation. Effects on Oxygenation, Comfort, and Clinical Outcome
Abstract
Rationale
Oxygen is commonly administered after extubation. Although several devices are available, data about their clinical efficacy are scarce.
Objectives
To compare the effects of the Venturi mask and the nasal high-flow (NHF) therapy on PaO2/FiO2SET ratio after extubation. Secondary endpoints were to assess effects on patient discomfort, adverse events, and clinical outcomes.
Methods
Randomized, controlled, open-label trial on 105 patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 300 immediately before extubation. The Venturi mask (n = 52) or NHF (n = 53) were applied for 48 hours postextubation.
Measurements and Main Results
PaO2/FiO2SET, patient discomfort caused by the interface and by symptoms of airways dryness (on a 10-point numerical rating scale), interface displacements, oxygen desaturations, need for ventilator support, and reintubation were assessed up to 48 hours after extubation. From the 24th hour, PaO2/FiO2SET was higher with the NHF (287 ± 74 vs. 247 ± 81 at 24 h; P = 0.03). Discomfort related both to the interface and to airways dryness was better with NHF (respectively, 2.6 ± 2.2 vs. 5.1 ± 3.3 at 24 h, P = 0.006; 2.2 ± 1.8 vs. 3.7 ± 2.4 at 24 h, P = 0.002). Fewer patients had interface displacements (32% vs. 56%; P = 0.01), oxygen desaturations (40% vs. 75%; P < 0.001), required reintubation (4% vs. 21%; P = 0.01), or any form of ventilator support (7% vs. 35%; P < 0.001) in the NHF group.
Conclusions
Compared with the Venturi mask, NHF results in better oxygenation for the same set FiO2 after extubation. Use of NHF is associated with better comfort, fewer desaturations and interface displacements, and a lower reintubation rate.
Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01575353).
Journal Article
Epidemiology of Weaning Outcome according to a New Definition. The WIND Study
Abstract
Rationale
The weaning process concerns all patients receiving mechanical ventilation. A previous classification into simple, prolonged, and difficult weaning ignored weaning failure and presupposed the use of spontaneous breathing trials.
Objectives
To describe the weaning process, defined as starting with any attempt at separation from mechanical ventilation and its prognosis, according to a new operational classification working for all patients under ventilation.
Methods
This was a multinational prospective multicenter observational study over 3 months of all patients receiving mechanical ventilation in 36 intensive care units, with daily collection of ventilation and weaning modalities. Pragmatic definitions of separation attempt and weaning success allowed us to allocate patients in four groups.
Measurements and Main Results
A total of 2,729 patients were enrolled. Although half of them could not be classified using the previous definition, 99% entered the groups on the basis of our new definition as follows: 24% never started a weaning process, 57% had a weaning process of less than 24 hours (group 1), 10% had a difficult weaning of more than 1 day and less than 1 week (group 2), and 9% had a prolonged weaning duration of 1 week or more (group 3). Duration of ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and mortality (6, 17, and 29% for the three groups, respectively) all significantly increased from one group to the next. The unadjusted risk of dying was 19% after the first separation attempt and increased to 37% after 10 days.
Conclusions
A new classification allows us to categorize all weaning situations. Every additional day without a weaning success after the first separation attempt increases the risk of dying.
Journal Article
Proportional-Assist Ventilation for Minimizing the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation
In this randomized trial, proportional-assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors did not differ significantly from pressure-support ventilation with respect to the time to liberation from mechanical ventilation.
Journal Article
A Multidimensional Approach to the Management of Patients in Prolonged Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: The Concept of Treatable Traits – A Narrative Review
Abstract
Background: Established structured weaning approaches, which are effective for patients in simple and difficult weaning, are often not appropriate for patients undergoing prolonged weaning. Addressing the complexity of weaning failure requires personalized precision medicine. The therapeutic concept of treatable traits (TTs) has been proposed as a new paradigm for the management of chronic respiratory diseases. It is based on a multidimensional assessment of specific characteristics, which can be addressed by specific interventions that go beyond traditional diagnostic criteria. The concept is increasingly adopted for other complex diseases. Summary: This is a narrative review and an expert opinion on the development of a concept of TTs for patients undergoing prolonged weaning. The proposed TTs are based on a systematic review of risk factors for prolonged weaning, an analysis of claims data to assess risk factors within 96 h of IMV onset and data from the WEAN SAFE study. A multidisciplinary team identified clinically important TTs and determined appropriate interventions. The following TTs have been identified: airway disorders and complications associated with tracheostomy or intubation, such as airway obstruction, strictures or tracheomalacia, infectious aspects, anxiety, depression, delirium, post-traumatic stress disorder, anemia, pulmonary and cardio-renal disease. The multidimensional holistic approach also includes tailored sedation and pain management, nutritional therapy, early mobilization, and physiotherapy. Key Message: We propose a framework of relevant considerations for a multidimensional approach to the management of patients undergoing prolonged weaning that supports the regain of respiratory capacity, reduces the respiratory load, and thus could resolve the respiratory workload imbalance.
Journal Article