Journal Article

Moving to stay in place: behavioral mechanisms for coexistence of African large carnivores

Owen, Cailey, Ogden, Monika, Fortin, Daniel, Vanak, Abi Tamim, Thaker, Maria, Greatwood, Sophie, Slotow, Rob

2013

Overview

Most ecosystems have multiple predator species that not only compete for shared prey, but also pose direct threats to each other. These intraguild interactions are key drivers of carnivore community structure, with ecosystem‐wide cascading effects. Yet, behavioral mechanisms for coexistence of multiple carnivore species remain poorly understood. The challenges of studying large, free‐ranging carnivores have resulted in mainly coarse‐scale examination of behavioral strategies without information about all interacting competitors. We overcame some of these challenges by examining the concurrent fine‐scale movement decisions of almost all individuals of four large mammalian carnivore species in a closed terrestrial system. We found that the intensity of intraguild interactions did not follow a simple hierarchical allometric pattern, because spatial and behavioral tactics of subordinate species changed with threat and resource levels across seasons. Lions (Panthera leo) were generally unrestricted and anchored themselves in areas rich in not only their principal prey, but also, during periods of resource limitation (dry season), rich in the main prey for other carnivores. Because of this, the greatest cost (potential intraguild predation) for subordinate carnivores was spatially coupled with the highest potential benefit of resource acquisition (prey‐rich areas), especially in the dry season. Leopard (P. pardus) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) overlapped with the home range of lions but minimized their risk using fine‐scaled avoidance behaviors and restricted resource acquisition tactics. The cost of intraguild competition was most apparent for cheetahs, especially during the wet season, as areas with energetically rewarding large prey (wildebeest) were avoided when they overlapped highly with the activity areas of lions. Contrary to expectation, the smallest species (African wild dog, Lycaon pictus) did not avoid only lions, but also used multiple tactics to minimize encountering all other competitors. Intraguild competition thus forced wild dogs into areas with the lowest resource availability year round. Coexistence of multiple carnivore species has typically been explained by dietary niche separation, but our multi‐scaled movement results suggest that differences in resource acquisition may instead be a consequence of avoiding intraguild competition. We generate a more realistic representation of hierarchical behavioral interactions that may ultimately drive spatially explicit trophic structures of multi‐predator communities.

• Publisher: Ecological Society of America,ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
• Subject: Acinonyx jubatus / Africa / allometry / Animal and plant ecology / Animal behavior / Animal, plant and microbial ecology / Animals / Antelopes - physiology / avoidance behavior / Behavior, Animal / Biological and medical sciences / Carnivora - classification / Carnivora - physiology / carnivore community / Carnivores / Cheetahs / Coexistence / Community structure / Competition / cost-benefit trade-off / Demography / Dogs / Dry season / Dry seasons / Ecological competition / Ecology / ecosystems / Equidae - physiology / Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology / General aspects / home range / interference competition / intraguild competition / Karongwe Game Reserve, South Africa / Lions / Lycaon pictus / movement ecology / Nonnative species / Panthera leo / Panthera pardus / Predation / predator-prey interactions / Predators / Prey / Rainy season / Rainy seasons / Resource availability / risk / Risk taking / Seasons / Swine - physiology / Terrestrial ecosystems / top-down effects / wet season / Wildcats / wildebeest / Wildlife ecology