Journal Article

Chromium as an essential nutrient: a review

Pechova, A.,Veterinarni a Farmaceuticka Univ., Brno (Czech Republic). Klinika Chorob Prezvykavcu, Pavlata, L.,Veterinarni a Farmaceuticka Univ., Brno (Czech Republic). Klinika Chorob Prezvykavcu

2007

Overview

Chromium has been studied since the end of the 19th century, when carcinogenic effects of hexavalent Cr were discovered. Essentiality of trivalent Cr was demonstrated in 1959; Cr3+ has been studied in humans and laboratory animals since the 1970s and it is only since the 1990s that Cr has been studied as an essential element in livestock animals with the same intensity. Trivalent Cr is essential to normal carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. It is biologically active as part of an oligopeptide - chromodulin - potentiating the effect of insulin by facilitating insulin binding to receptors at the cell surface. Cr absorption is low, ranging between 0.4 and 2.0% for inorganic compounds while the availability of organic Cr is more than 10 times higher. Absorbed Cr circulates in blood bound to the beta-globulin plasma fraction and is transported to tissues bound to transferrin. Absorbed Cr is excreted primarily in urine, by glomerular filtration; a small amount is excreted through perspiration, bile and in milk. This review describes Cr metabolism, the different biological functions of Cr and symptoms of Cr deficiency.

• Publisher: Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS),Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences
• Subject: ABSORCION / ABSORPTION / Animals / Bile / Biological activity / BLOOD / CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM / Carbohydrates / carcinogenicity / Carcinogens / CARENCE EN SUBSTANCE NUTRITIVE / Cell surface / CHEMICOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES / CHROME / CHROMIUM / cortisol / CRECIMIENTO / CROISSANCE / CROMO / DEFICIENCIAS NUTRITIVAS / EXCRECION / EXCRETION / Globulins / glomerular filtration rate / GLUCOCORTICOIDE / GLUCOCORTICOIDES / GLUCOCORTICOIDS / GROWTH / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1299 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1595 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3286 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3901 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4850 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103 / http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959 / IMMUNITE / IMMUNITY / INMUNIDAD / Inorganic compounds / INSULIN / INSULINA / INSULINE / Laboratory animals / LIPID METABOLISM / Lipids / Livestock / Metabolism / METABOLISME DES GLUCIDES / METABOLISME DES LIPIDES / METABOLISME DES MINERAUX / METABOLISME DES PROTEINES / METABOLISMO DE CARBOHIDRATOS / METABOLISMO DE LIPIDOS / METABOLISMO DE MINERALES / METABOLISMO PROTEICO / microelements / milk / MINERAL METABOLISM / NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES / NUTRIENT TRANSPORT / OLIGO-ELEMENT / OLIGOELEMENTOS / oligopeptides / ORINA / Perspiration / PROPIEDADES FISICOQUIMICAS / PROPRIETE PHYSICOCHIMIQUE / PROTEIN METABOLISM / Protein turnover / REPRODUCCION / REPRODUCTION / SANG / SANGRE / SINTOMAS / SYMPTOME / SYMPTOMS / TOXICIDAD / TOXICITE / TOXICITY / TRACE ELEMENTS / Transferrin / TRANSPORT DES SUBSTANCES NUTRITIVES / TRANSPORTE DE NUTRIENTES / Trivalent chromium / URINE