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Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco
Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco
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Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco
Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco

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Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco
Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco
Journal Article

Coexistence across space and time: Social‐ecological patterns within a decade of human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco

2023
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Overview
Global change is increasing the frequency and severity of human‐wildlife interactions by pushing people and wildlife into increasingly resource‐limited shared spaces. To understand the dynamics of human‐wildlife interactions and what may constitute human‐wildlife coexistence in the Anthropocene, there is a critical need to explore the spatial, temporal, sociocultural and ecological variables that contribute to human‐wildlife conflicts in urban areas. Due to their opportunistic foraging and behavioural flexibility, coyotes (Canis latrans) frequently interact with people in urban environments. San Francisco, California, USA hosts a very high density of coyotes, making it an excellent region for analysing urban human‐coyote interactions and attitudes toward coyotes over time and space. We used a community‐curated long‐term data source from San Francisco Animal Care and Control to summarise a decade of coyote sightings and human‐coyote interactions in San Francisco and to characterise spatiotemporal patterns of attitudes and interaction types in relation to housing density, socioeconomics, pollution and human vulnerability metrics, and green space availability. We found that human‐coyote conflict reports have been significantly increasing over the past 5 years and that there were more conflicts during the coyote pup‐rearing season (April–June), the dry season (June–September) and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Conflict reports were also more likely to involve dogs and occur inside of parks, despite more overall sightings occurring outside of parks. Generalised linear mixed models revealed that conflicts were more likely to occur in places with higher vegetation greenness and median income. Meanwhile reported coyote boldness, hazing and human attitudes toward coyotes were also correlated with pollution burden and human population vulnerability indices. Synthesis and applications: Our results provide compelling evidence suggesting that human‐coyote conflicts are intimately associated with social‐ecological heterogeneities and time, emphasizing that the road to coexistence will require socially informed strategies. Additional long‐term research articulating how the social‐ecological drivers of conflict (e.g. human food subsidies, interactions with domestic species, climate‐induced droughts, socioeconomic disparities, etc.) change over time will be essential in building adaptive management efforts that effectively mitigate future conflicts from occurring. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Resumen El cambio global está aumentando la frecuencia y severidad de las interacciones entre humanos y vida silvestre, al empujar ambos hacia espacios compartidos cada vez más limitados en recursos. Para comprender la dinámica de las interacciones entre humanos y la vida silvestre, y lo que puede constituir la coexistencia entre humanos y la fauna en el Antropoceno, es críticamente necesario explorar las variables espaciales, temporales, socioculturales y ecológicas que contribuyen a los conflictos entre humanos y la vida silvestre en áreas urbanas. Debido a su alimentación oportunista y flexibilidad comportamental, los coyotes (Canis latrans) interactúan con frecuencia con las personas en entornos urbanos. San Francisco, California, EE. UU., alberga una densidad muy alta de coyotes, lo que la convierte en una región excelente para analizar las interacciones entre humanos y coyotes urbanos, y las actitudes hacia los coyotes a través del tiempo y el espacio. Utilizamos una fuente de datos comunitaria a largo plazo por San Francisco Animal Care and Control (Control y Cuidado Animal de San Francisco) para resumir una década de avistamientos e interacciones entre humanos y coyotes en San Francisco, y para caracterizar patrones espacio‐temporales de actitudes y tipos de interacción en relación con la densidad de viviendas, datos socioeconómicos, contaminación y métricas de vulnerabilidad humana, así como la disponibilidad de espacios verdes. Encontramos que los informes de conflictos entre humanos y coyotes han aumentado significativamente en los últimos 5 años, y que hubo más conflictos durante la temporada de cría de coyotes (abril‐junio), la temporada seca (junio‐septiembre) y la pandemia de COVID‐19. Los informes de conflictos también fueron más propensos a involucrar perros y ocurrir dentro de parques, a pesar de que en general hubo más avistamientos fuera de los parques. Los modelos mixtos lineales generalizados revelaron que los conflictos fueron más probables en lugares con mayor vegetación e ingreso promedio. A su vez, los reportes de la audacia, el hostigamiento de los coyotes, y las actitudes humanas hacia los coyotes, se correlacionaron con la carga de contaminación y los índices poblacionales de vulnerabilidad humana. Síntesis y aplicaciones: Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia convincente que sugiere que los conflictos entre humanos y coyotes están íntimamente asociados con heterogeneidades socioecológicas y el tiempo, enfatizando que el camino hacia la coexistencia requerirá estrategias informadas socialmente. Investigaciones adicionales a largo plazo que articulen cómo los impulsores socioecológicos del conflicto (por ejemplo, los subsidios alimentarios humanos, las interacciones con especies domésticas, las sequías inducidas por el clima, las disparidades socioeconómicas, etc.) cambian con el tiempo será esencial para desarrollar esfuerzos de gestión adaptativos que mitiguen eficazmente futuros conflictos. 摘要 全球变化将人类和野生动物共同推入了日益有限资源的空间內,加大了人类与野生动物互动的频率和严重性。为了解人与野生动物的相互动机制,以及在人类世中何谓人与野生动物共存,迫切需要探讨引致城市地区人与野生动物冲突的空间、时间、社会文化和生态因素。 由于它们的机会性觅食和行为灵活性,郊狼(Canis latrans)在城市环境中经常与人类互动。美国加利福尼亚州旧金山市拥有高密度的郊狼群,因此是分析城市人与郊狼互动和人对待郊狼态度如何随着时空变化的优秀地区。 我们利用旧金山动物控制和护理部门的公众科学项目收集的长期数据,总结了旧金山十年来的郊狼目击和与人互动的报告,并根据住房密度、社会经济、污染和人类脆弱性指标、以及可用绿化范围来表征人们对狠的态度和与狠互动类型的时空分布和模式。 我们发现,过去5年来,人与郊狼的冲突报告明显增加,郊狼幼崽抚育季节(4月至6月)、干季(6月至9月)和COVID‐19疫情期间发生的冲突更多。尽管大部分目击事件发生在公园之外,但冲突报告大多在公园内发生,并涉及狗。广义线性混合模型显示,冲突更可能发生在高度绿化和收入中位数较高的地方。同时,人们报告的郊狼胆量、以及人们对待郊狼的驱赶行为和态度也与污染负担和人类脆弱性指数相关。 综合与应用:我们的研究结果提供了有力的证据,表明人与郊狼的冲突与多样的社会生态因素和时间密切相关,强调实现共存的道路将需要符合社会民生的策略。进一步长期研究人与郊狼冲突的社会生态驱动因素(例如,人类食品补贴、与家畜物种的互动、气候引发的干旱、社会经济差距等)如何随时间变化,将对建立有效减少未来冲突发生的自适应管理机制至关重要。 Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.