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From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder
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From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder
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Journal Article
From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder
2015
Overview
Key Points
Twin and familial studies reveal that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits are highly heritable.
The genetic landscape of ASD is made of common and rare variants and can be different from one individual to another.
Most of the ASD-risk genes are involved in chromatin remodelling, regulation of protein synthesis and degradation, or synaptic plasticity.
In cellular and animal models, mutations in the ASD-risk genes lead to a distortion of typical neuronal connectivity by decreasing or increasing synapse strength or number.
Compensatory mechanisms, such as genetic buffering and synaptic homeostasis, could modulate the severity of these mutations.
Recent years have seen considerable interest in the genetics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this Review, Thomas Bourgeron examines the genetic architecture of this disorder and how ASD-linked mutations might affect synaptic plasticity, before exploring the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis of ASD.
Genetics studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have identified several risk genes that are key regulators of synaptic plasticity. Indeed, many of the risk genes that have been linked to these disorders encode synaptic scaffolding proteins, receptors, cell adhesion molecules or proteins that are involved in chromatin remodelling, transcription, protein synthesis or degradation, or actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Changes in any of these proteins can increase or decrease synaptic strength or number and, ultimately, neuronal connectivity in the brain. In addition, when deleterious mutations occur, inefficient genetic buffering and impaired synaptic homeostasis may increase an individual's risk for ASD.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 45/43
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Autism
/ Brain
/ Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
/ Child Development Disorders, Pervasive - diagnosis
/ Child Development Disorders, Pervasive - genetics
/ Child Development Disorders, Pervasive - metabolism
/ Genetics
/ Humans
/ Identification and classification
/ Neuronal Plasticity - genetics
/ Neuronal Plasticity - physiology
/ Pervasive developmental disorders
/ Psychiatrics and mental health
/ Synapses
