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How age and infection history shape the antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults
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How age and infection history shape the antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults
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Journal Article
How age and infection history shape the antigen‐specific CD8+ T‐cell repertoire: Implications for vaccination strategies in older adults
2020
Overview
Older adults often show signs of impaired CD8+ T‐cell immunity, reflected by weaker responses against new infections and vaccinations, and decreased protection against reinfection. This immune impairment is in part thought to be the consequence of a decrease in both T‐cell numbers and repertoire diversity. If this is indeed the case, a strategy to prevent infectious diseases in older adults could be the induction of protective memory responses through vaccination at a younger age. However, this requires that the induced immune responses are maintained until old age. It is therefore important to obtain insights into the long‐term maintenance of the antigen‐specific T‐cell repertoire. Here, we review the literature on the maintenance of antigen‐experienced CD8+ T‐cell repertoires against acute and chronic infections. We describe the complex interactions that play a role in shaping the memory T‐cell repertoire, and the effects of age, infection history, and T‐cell avidity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of new vaccination strategies to protect older adults. In this review, we aim to provide insight in the maintenance of antigen‐experienced CD8+ T‐cell clones during life. We describe what is already known on the effect of age on the virus‐specific T‐cell repertoire and discuss the contribution of infection history in shaping the repertoire. Insight in factors shaping the T‐cell repertoire will help to improve the protective memory response against infectious diseases in older adults.
