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Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on TLR2/NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
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Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on TLR2/NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
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Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on TLR2/NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
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Journal Article
Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on TLR2/NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
2025
Overview
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs), degraded products of chitosan or chitin, are attracting growing interest owing to their low degree of polymerization (DP), high solubility, and prominent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the correlation between their structure and anti-inflammatory activities still needs to be explored. In this study, we use LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages as an inflammatory model to systematically evaluate COS1–7 for their effects on inflammatory mediators and NF-κB signaling pathways. The results of Griess assay, ELISA, and real-time quantitative PCR show that COSs can inhibit the expression of NO, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-1β), thereby attenuating inflammatory signaling. Notably, chitohexaose (COS6) exhibits the most significant anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the mRNA levels of LPS-induced iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β and the production of IL-6 and TNF-α by more than 50%. Transcriptome, western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis reveal that COSs can inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signal pathway by down-regulating TLR2 levels. Additionally, molecular docking confirms that COSs retard TLR2/4 dimerization and LPS recognition by TLR4, affecting downstream signaling cascades. In summary, this study provides a valuable insight into the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of COSs and highlights the possible applications in human health promotion by modulating receptor-mediated signaling pathways.
Publisher
MDPI AG,MDPI
Subject
/ Anti-Inflammatory Agents - chemistry
/ Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology
/ Chitin
/ Chitin - analogs & derivatives
/ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
/ Enzymes
/ Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology
/ Mice
/ Molecular Docking Simulation
/ Oligosaccharides - chemistry
/ Oligosaccharides - pharmacology
/ Signal Transduction - drug effects
/ TLR2
/ Toll-Like Receptor 2 - chemistry
