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Journal Article
Functional diversity of astrocytes in neural circuit regulation
2017
Overview
Key Points
Astrocytes display numerous inter- and intra-regional distinctions, ranging from differences in their morphology to differential dynamics of calcium signalling.
Astrocytes in specific neural circuits modulate neuronal activity, which affects a range of brain functions.
Regionally encoded astrocyte functions are required for neuronal homeostasis and survival.
Astrocyte heterogeneity is determined by the developmental patterning of the CNS and is refined in adulthood to produce highly specialized neuron–glia units.
Under pathological conditions, reactive astrocytes display several molecular and functional changes that have a differential influence on disease outcome.
New techniques will help to uncover the molecular and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes both in health and disease.
Emerging evidence suggests that astrocytes may be as diverse in their physiological and functional characteristics as neurons. Ben Haim and Rowitch describe astrocyte heterogeneity, consider the mechanisms by which such diversity may arise and discuss the consequences of its disruption in disease.
Although it is well established that all brain regions contain various neuronal subtypes with different functions, astrocytes have traditionally been thought to be homogenous. However, recent evidence has shown that astrocytes in the mammalian CNS display distinct inter- and intra-regional features, as well as functional diversity. In the CNS, astrocyte processes fill the local environment in non-overlapping domains. Therefore, a potential advantage of region-specified astrocytes might be their capacity to regulate local development or optimize local neural circuit function. An overview of the regional heterogeneity of neuron–astrocyte interactions indicates novel ways in which they could regulate normal neurological function and shows how they might become dysregulated in disease.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 42/41
/ 64/110
/ 82/51
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Cell Communication - physiology
/ Humans
/ Mammals
/ Neurons
/ Proteins
