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Schizophrenia genetic risk and labour market outcomes in the Finnish general population: Are schizophrenia-related traits penalised or rewarded?
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Schizophrenia genetic risk and labour market outcomes in the Finnish general population: Are schizophrenia-related traits penalised or rewarded?
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Journal Article
Schizophrenia genetic risk and labour market outcomes in the Finnish general population: Are schizophrenia-related traits penalised or rewarded?
2025
Overview
Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (SCZPRS) have been linked to cognitive functioning, creativity, behavioural traits, and psychiatric conditions beyond schizophrenia. This study examines how labour market segments reward or penalise traits associated with SCZPRS in the general population.
We merged genetic, socio-economic and health registry data with repeated cross-sectional survey data from six Finnish cohorts (1992 to 2017), representing individuals aged 25–64 across Finnish regions (N = 20,121). Various regression models were employed to study labour market outcomes.
Individuals in the highest SCZPRS quintile were 6.4 percentage points less likely to be employed than those in the lowest quintile (P < 0.001; 99.5 % CI: 3.9–9.0 pp). Among employed individuals in knowledge-based occupations, an inverse U-shaped relationship between SCZPRS and income emerged after 2000. Knowledge workers in both the lowest (P = 0.004) and highest (P = 0.03) SCZPRS quintiles were 4–5 percentage points less likely to be in the highest income tertile than those in the middle quintile. No significant association was found between SCZPRS and income in physical labour.
Beyond its overall negative association with employment, SCZPRS exhibits a non-linear relationship with income in cognitive-intensive occupations, where both low and high SCZPRS appear to be penalised. This pattern became more pronounced post-2000, coinciding with rising income inequality and technological advancements, likely reshaping labour market demands. While effect sizes are substantial, compensatory factors may mitigate these outcomes. Greater awareness of these associations and individual differences in labour market experiences could contribute to a more inclusive society.
•Schizophrenia genetic risk (SCZPRS) relates to higher likelihood of non-employment.•In knowledge work, both low and high SCZPRS are linked to income penalties.•The inverse U-shaped SCZPRS-income association emerged after 2000.•No significant SCZPRS-income association was found in physical work.•SCZPRS is associated with skill valuation but not occupational selection.
Publisher
Elsevier Inc,Elsevier Limited,Elsevier
