Journal Article

The health impacts of Indonesian peatland fires

Hein, Lars, Sumarga, Elham, Boer, Rizaldi, Castañeda, Juan-Pablo, Ostro, Bart, Salmayenti, Resti, Atmoko, Dwi, Tata, Hesti, Hammer, Melanie, Spadaro, Joseph V.

2022

Overview

Background Indonesian peatlands have been drained for agricultural development for several decades. This development has made a major contribution to economic development. At the same time, peatland drainage is causing significant air pollution resulting from peatland fires. Peatland fires occur every year, even though their extent is much larger in dry (El Niño) years. We examine the health effects of long-term exposure to fine particles (PM 2.5 ) from all types of peatland fires (including the burning of above and below ground biomass) in Sumatra and Kalimantan, where most peatland fires in Indonesia take place. Methods We derive PM 2.5 concentrations from satellite imagery calibrated and validated with Indonesian Government data on air pollution, and link increases in these concentrations to peatland fires, as observed in satellite imagery. Subsequently, we apply available epidemiological studies to relate PM 2.5 exposure to a range of health outcomes. The model utilizes the age distribution and disease prevalence of the impacted population. Results We find that PM 2.5 air pollution from peatland fires, causes, on average, around 33,100 adults and 2900 infants to die prematurely each year from air pollution. In addition, peatland fires cause on average around 4390 additional hospitalizations related to respiratory diseases, 635,000 severe cases of asthma in children, and 8.9 million lost workdays. The majority of these impacts occur in Sumatra because of its much higher population density compared to Kalimantan. A main source of uncertainty is in the Concentration Response Functions (CRFs) that we use, with different CRFs leading to annual premature adult mortality ranging from 19,900 to 64,800 deaths. Currently, the population of both regions is relatively young. With aging of the population over time, vulnerabilities to air pollution and health effects from peatland fires will increase. Conclusions Peatland fire health impacts provide a further argument to combat fires in peatlands, and gradually transition to peatland management models that do not require drainage and are therefore not prone to fire risks.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Aerosols / Age composition / Aging / Agricultural development / Air pollution / Asthma / Biomass burning / Burning / Children / Earth and Environmental Science / Economic development / El Nino / Environment / Environmental Epidemiology / Environmental Health / Epidemiology / Fires / Forest & brush fires / Forest fires / Health aspects / Health effects / Indonesia / Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine / Outdoor air quality / Particles / Particulate matter / Patient admissions / Peat-bogs / Peatland fires / Peatlands / Population density / Provinces / Public Health / Respiratory diseases / Response functions / Satellite imagery / Satellite observation / Satellites / Vegetation