Journal Article

Early neurodevelopmental problems and risk for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in 4‐7‐year‐old children: A Japanese birth cohort study

Gillberg, Christopher, Fujieda, Mikiya, Suganuma, Narufumi, Hadjikhani, Nouchine, Råstam, Maria, Hatakenaka, Yuhei, Eitoku, Masamitsu, Yasumitsu‐Lovell, Kahoko, Bryant‐Waugh, Rachel, Dinkler, Lisa

2022

Overview

Background An overrepresentation of neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs) has been observed in individuals with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Previous studies on the association between ARFID and NDPs have been limited by cross‐sectional data from clinical samples of small size. This study aimed to extend previous research by using prospectively collected data in a non‐clinical child cohort. We examined the occurrence of early NDPs in 4–7‐year‐old children with suspected ARFID and how predictive early NDPs are of ARFID. Methods Data were collected via parent‐report a sub‐sample of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) including 3728 children born 2011–2014 in Kochi prefecture. NDPs were assessed biannually between 0.5 and 3 years of age with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire‐3, at age 2.5 years with the ESSENCE‐Q, and at age 1 and 3 years via parent‐reported clinical diagnoses. ARFID was identified cross‐sectionally (at age 4–7 years) using a newly developed screening tool. Logistic regressions were used to test association of (1) a composite early NDP risk score, (2) specific early NDPs, and (3) neurodevelopmental trajectories over time with ARFID. Results Children in the highest risk percentiles of the NDP risk score had roughly three times higher odds of having suspected ARFID; the absolute risk of later ARFID for children above the 90th percentile was 3.1%. Early NDPs (excluding early feeding problems) were more predictive of later ARFID than were early feeding problems. Specific NDPs predictive of ARFID were problems with general development, communication/language, attention/concentration, social interaction, and sleep. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of children with and without suspected ARFID started to divert after age 1 year. Conclusions The results mirror the previously observed overrepresentation of NDPs in ARFID populations. In this non‐clinical child cohort, early feeding problems were common and rarely developed into ARFID; however, our findings imply that they should be monitored closely in children with high NDP risk to prevent ARFID. In our sample of 3728 Japanese children from a non‐clinical cohort, circa 3% of children with neurodevelopmental problems between age 0.5 and 3 years screened positive for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) between age 4 and 7 years. This reflects a three times increased risk of ARFID in children with early neurodevelopmental problems and suggests that early neurodevelopmental problems might aid in the early detection of ARFID. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of children with and without suspected ARFID started to divert after age 1 year.

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,John Wiley and Sons Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Anorexia / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / Autism / autism spectrum disorder / Children & youth / Cohort analysis / Comorbidity / eating disorder / Food / Intellectual disabilities / Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) / Learning disabilities / Neurodevelopmental disorders / Original / Pregnancy