Journal Article

Widespread antimicrobial resistance among bacterial infections in a Rwandan referral hospital

Sutherland, Tori, Mueller, Ariel, Rickard, Jennifer, Niyonsenga, Zack, Bebell, Lisa M., Riviello, Elisabeth D., Niyomugabo, Jean-Paul, Muvunyi, Claude Mambo, Mpirimbanyi, Christophe, Nziyomaze, Elie, Musoni, Emile, Talmor, Daniel, Nkubana, Theoneste

2019

Overview

Resistance among bacterial infections is increasingly well-documented in high-income countries; however, relatively little is known about bacterial antimicrobial resistance in low-income countries, where the burden of infections is high. We prospectively screened all adult inpatients at a referral hospital in Rwanda for suspected infection for seven months. Blood, urine, wound and sputum samples were cultured and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. We examined factors associated with resistance and compared hospital outcomes for participants with and without resistant isolates. We screened 19,178 patient-days, and enrolled 647 unique participants with suspected infection. We obtained 942 culture specimens, of which 357 were culture-positive specimens. Of these positive specimens, 155 (43.4%) were wound, 83 (23.2%) urine, 64 (17.9%) blood, and 55 (15.4%) sputum. Gram-negative bacteria comprised 323 (88.7%) of all isolates. Of 241 Gram-negative isolates tested for ceftriaxone, 183 (75.9%) were resistant. Of 92 Gram-negative isolates tested for the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive phenotype, 66 (71.7%) were ESBL positive phenotype. Transfer from another facility, recent surgery or antibiotic exposure, and hospital-acquired infection were each associated with resistance. Mortality was 19.6% for all enrolled participants. This is the first published prospective hospital-wide antibiogram of multiple specimen types from East Africa with ESBL testing. Our study suggests that low-resource settings with limited and inconsistent access to the full range of antibiotic classes may bear the highest burden of resistant infections. Hospital-acquired infections and recent antibiotic exposure are associated with a high proportion of resistant infections. Efforts to slow the development of resistance and supply effective antibiotics are urgently needed.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Adult / Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects / Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use / Antibiotics / Antiinfectives and antibacterials / Antimicrobial agents / Antimicrobial resistance / Bacteria / Bacterial diseases / Bacterial infections / Bacterial Infections - blood / Bacterial Infections - drug therapy / Bacterial Infections - microbiology / Bacterial Infections - urine / Beta lactamases / beta-Lactamases - genetics / Biology and Life Sciences / Blood / Cefepime / Ceftriaxone / Consent / Critical care / Cross infection / Cross Infection - blood / Cross Infection - drug therapy / Cross Infection - microbiology / Cross Infection - urine / Culture / Drug resistance / Drug Resistance, Microbial - genetics / Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial - genetics / E coli / Enterobacteriaceae - drug effects / Enterobacteriaceae - genetics / Enterobacteriaceae - pathogenicity / Exposure / Female / Gram-negative bacteria / Gram-Negative Bacteria - drug effects / Gram-Negative Bacteria - pathogenicity / Health sciences / Hospital patients / Humans / Income / Infection / Infections / Infectious diseases / Laboratories / Low income areas / Male / Medical schools / Medicine / Medicine and Health Sciences / Methicillin / Microbial drug resistance / Middle Aged / Mortality / Pain / Pharmacy / Phenotypes / Referral and Consultation / Resistance factors / Risk factors / Rwanda / Sputum / Sputum - microbiology / Surgery / Teaching hospitals / Tuberculosis / Urine / Wounds / β Lactamase