Journal Article

Multifunctional carbonized nanogels to treat lethal acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease

Yen, Shao-Chieh, Chen, Li-Li, Lin, Hung-Yun, Harroun, Scott G., Lin, Han-Jia, Huang, Huai-Ting, Nain, Amit, Mao, Ju-Yi, Chang, Huan-Tsung, Lin, Han-You, Huang, Chih-Ching

2021

Overview

Background Shrimp aquaculture has suffered huge economic losses over the past decade due to the outbreak of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), which is mainly caused by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( V. parahaemolyticus ) with the virulence pVA1 plasmid, which encodes a secretory photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxin composed of PirA and PirB proteins. The Pir toxin mainly attacks the hepatopancreas, a major metabolic organ in shrimp, thereby causing necrosis and loss of function. The pandemic of antibiotic-resistant strains makes the impact worse. Methods Mild pyrolysis of a mixture of polysaccharide dextran 70 and the crosslinker 1,8-diaminooctane at 180 ℃ for 3 h to form carbonized nanogels (DAO/DEX-CNGs) through controlled cross-linking and carbonization. The multifunctional therapeutic CNGs inherit nanogel-like structures and functional groups from their precursor molecules. Results DAO/DEX-CNGs manifest broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus responsible for AHPND and even multiple drug-resistant strains. The polymer-like structures and functional groups on graphitic-carbon within the CNGs exhibit multiple treatment effects, including disruption of bacterial membranes, elevating bacterial oxidative stress, and neutralization of PirAB toxins. The inhibition of Vibrio in the midgut of infected shrimp, protection of hepatopancreas tissue from Pir toxin, and suppressing overstimulation of the immune system in severe V. parahaemolyticus infection, revealing that CNGs can effectively guard shrimp from Vibrio invasion. Moreover, shrimps fed with DAO/DEX-CNGs were carefully examined, such as the expression of the immune-related genes, hepatopancreas biopsy, and intestinal microbiota. Few adverse effects on shrimps were observed. Conclusion Our work proposes brand-new applications of multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials as efficient anti- Vibrio agents in the aquatic industry that hold great potential as feed additives to reduce antibiotic overuse in aquaculture. Graphical Abstract

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Additives / Animals / Anti-Infective Agents - chemistry / Anti-Infective Agents - metabolism / Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology / Anti-Infective Agents - therapeutic use / Antibacterial activity / Antibacterial agents / Antibiotic overuse / Antibiotic resistance / Antibiotics / Antimicrobial agents / Aquaculture / Artemia - microbiology / Bacteria / Biocompatible Materials - chemistry / Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology / Biocompatible Materials - therapeutic use / Biopsy / Biotechnology / Carbon / Carbon - chemistry / Carbon nanogels / Care and treatment / Chemistry / Chemistry and Materials Science / Crosslinking / Dextran / Dextrans / Dextrans - chemistry / Diagnosis / Dosage and administration / Drug abuse / Drug resistance / Drug resistance in microorganisms / Economic impact / Farming / Feed additives / Food additives / Fourier transforms / Functional groups / Gels (Pharmacy) / Gene expression / Gram-Negative Bacteria - drug effects / Gram-Positive Bacteria - drug effects / Graphene / Health aspects / Hepatopancreas / Hepatopancreas - pathology / Immune system / Infectious diseases / Insects / Intestinal microflora / Microbiota / Microscopy / Midgut / Molecular Medicine / Multidrug resistance / Nanogels - chemistry / Nanogels - therapeutic use / Nanogels - toxicity / Nanomaterials / Nanotechnology / Necrosis / Neutralization / Oxidative stress / Pandemics / Pathogens / Pest outbreaks / Polyamines / Polymers / Polysaccharides / Prevention / Pyrolysis / Quantum dots / Reagents / Risk factors / Shellfish / Shrimps / Spectrum analysis / Strains (organisms) / Toxin neutralization / Toxins / Toxins, Biological - chemistry / Toxins, Biological - metabolism / Vibrio / Vibrio Infections - drug therapy / Vibrio Infections - prevention & control / Vibrio Infections - veterinary / Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Vibrio parahaemolyticus - drug effects / Vibrio parahaemolyticus - pathogenicity / Virulence / Zoonoses