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The smallest stroke: occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit
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The smallest stroke: occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit
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Journal Article
The smallest stroke: occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit
2013
Overview
The authors utilize optical occlusion of penetrating blood vessels to induce cortical microinfarcts. Occlusion of even a single such vessel leads to behavioral dysfunction, whereas multiple, yet sparse, occlusions can induce substantial tissue damage. Excitotoxicity blockers ameliorate both effects.
Microinfarctions are present in the aged and injured human brain. Their clinical relevance is controversial, with postulated sequelae ranging from cognitive sparing to vascular dementia. To address the consequences of microinfarcts, we used controlled optical methods to create occlusions of individual penetrating arterioles or venules in rat cortex. Single microinfarcts, targeted to encompass all or part of a cortical column, impaired performance in a macrovibrissa-based behavioral task. Furthermore, the targeting of multiple vessels resulted in tissue damage that coalesced across cortex, even though the intervening penetrating vessels were acutely patent. Post-occlusion administration of memantine, a glutamate receptor antagonist that reduces cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, ameliorated tissue damage and perceptual deficits. Collectively, these data imply that microinfarcts likely contribute to cognitive decline. Strategies that have received limited success in the treatment of ischemic injury, which include therapeutics against excitotoxicity, may be successful against the progressive nature of vascular dementia.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group US,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Blood
/ Brain Infarction - pathology
/ Brain Infarction - physiopathology
/ Cognition Disorders - etiology
/ Cognition Disorders - pathology
/ Cognition Disorders - physiopathology
/ Complications and side effects
/ Dementia
/ Dizocilpine Maleate - pharmacology
/ Dizocilpine Maleate - therapeutic use
/ Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - metabolism
/ Humans
/ Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery - complications
/ Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery - drug therapy
/ Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery - pathology
/ Lasers
/ Male
/ Neural Pathways - physiology
/ Neuroprotective Agents - therapeutic use
/ Phosphopyruvate Hydratase - metabolism
/ Psychomotor Performance - physiology
/ Rats
/ Somatosensory Cortex - drug effects
