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Darwinian fitness in the global marketplace : analysing the competition
Darwinian fitness in the global marketplace discusses how global business competition is undergoing a dynamic shift consistent with the Darwinian theory of evolution. Globalisation has allowed free entry and exit for firms in the marketplace that has caused congestion of firms at vertical (products- and services-led) and horizontal (geographic) business platforms. Thus, small firms struggle for their existence in the marketplace, while firms that demonstrate strength for survival stay as the fittest among the competing firms. This volume discusses new concepts related to the efficiency and effectiveness of competitive strategies required by firms to survive in the global marketplace. The discussions in this book are built around the competitive frameworks based on systems thinking and delineate insights analysing the extensive survey of literature on the subject. The author provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important topics on competitive strategies and tactics that will interest students and working managers.
Book
Human competition is not lower if competing is socially wasteful instead of socially beneficial
Abstract
Humans compete for jobs, promotions, income, status, and many other scarce goods. In some situations, allocating scarce goods via competition is socially beneficial. In other situations, competition is not necessary to allocate goods, and nevertheless engaging in competition creates inefficiencies and welfare loss. We use an incentivized lab experiment to study whether people compete differently depending on whether allocating scarce goods via competition is socially wasteful or socially beneficial. We find that competition behavior is strikingly similar in situations where competing is socially wasteful and socially beneficial. Accordingly, there is large excess competition in situations of wasteful competition, creating considerable efficiency losses. We find evidence of a social trap involved in this excess competition. People are considerably more likely to compete if they believe others compete, and their beliefs on others’ competition are similar in situations where competing is socially wasteful and socially beneficial. Interventions aimed at lowering beliefs on others’ competition may be an effective method of lowering excess competition to prevent inefficiencies and welfare loss.
Journal Article
4 Ensuring content validity of a new patient reported outcome for children with ACL deficiency; development of the ‘KIDS-KNEES-ACL’
IntroductionEvaluating treatment outcomes for children with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency relies on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The existing knee-specific pediatric PROMs lack content and construct validity for children with ACL injury. This study aimed to develop a preliminary version of a new PROM for children with ACL injury.Materials and MethodsThe development adhered to ‘COSMIN’ guidelines for PROM development. Informants were children with ACL deficiency, purposively sampled based on age, sex, and treatment method. Semi-structured interviews were guided by an interview guide within the ICF model and continued beyond data saturation. New themes and items emerged by thematic analysis and probing items from the adult KNEES-ACL. Content coverage, relevance, and understandability were continuously evaluated. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The NVivo 12 software was used for data analysis and coding of items. All content was tested in its final form.ResultsThere were substantial differences in the psycho-social impact between adults and children. The children experienced a more considerable negative psycho-social impact caused by a loss of participation in sports, lower self-confidence, and a loss of social networks. This resulted in four domains; “School”, “Friends”, “Family” and “Mood and self-confidence”. The physical aspects were quite similar, with few exceptions. 41 of 55 items from KNEES-ACL were endorsed; however, all required rewording to ensure understandability.ConclusionA preliminary version of ‘KIDS-KNEES-ACL’ containing 60 items across nine domains was developed. Modifications based on subsequent psychometric analysis will ensure adequate measurement properties of a final version.
Journal Article
3 Reference data on quality of life and function in patients with Patellar Dislocation and Trochelar Dysplasia: a national cohort study
IntroductionTo investigate patient reported outcome measurement (PROM) reference data on a national cohort of patients between 15-19 years with prior patella dislocation and trochlear dysplasia. Material and MethodsAll inhabitants in the Faroe Islands between 15 to 19 years were invited to answer an online survey. The survey included questions concerning prior patellar dislocation and the PROMs: Banff Patella Instability Instrument (BPII), Kujala score, Marx score and the EQ-5D-5L. Three cohorts were established: 1) The background cohort consisting of the participants with no prior patellar dislocation, 2) The patellar dislocation cohort consisting of all participants with prior patellar dislocation, 3) The trochlear dysplasia cohort consisting of participants with prior patellar dislocation who had trochlear dysplasia.Results3749 persons were contacted and 1119 (30%) completed the demographic survey and at least one PROM. 43 persons had prior surgery to the knee and were excluded. 102 reported prior patellar dislocation, of whom 57 were found to have trochlear dysplasia. All PROMs except the Marx score reflected worse quality of life and function after patellar dislocation compared with the background population, most pronounced in the BPII. The percentage of people experiencing problems in the EQ-5D-5L dimensions were increased for the patellar dislocation cohort and the trochlear dysplasia cohort inn all EQ-5D-5L domains, except for anxiety/depression.ConclusionYoung people (age 15-19) with prior patellar dislocation report seriously affected quality of life and function measured with the BPII, the Kujala, the EQ-5D-5L index values, and all EQ-5D-5L domains except anxiety/depression
Journal Article
5 The HAPPY concept mapping study: “To prevent injuries in young handball players it’s important to…” – perceptions among various stakeholders
IntroductionThis study aimed to identify facilitators for implementing injury prevention initiatives in youth handball, and to assess stakeholders’ perceptions of their importance and feasibility.Materials and MethodsFour stakeholder groups — coaches, administrators, health staff and players — participated in this mixed-method concept mapping study. Participants (n=224; 19% coaches, 22% health staff, 63% players, 18% administrators) first provided statements about facilitators for implementing injury prevention initiatives in youth handball, then grouped them (n=47), before rating them (n=57) for importance and feasibility (5-point Likert scales). Stakeholder-specific cluster maps and Go-Zone scatter plots were created. Statements rated above average for both importance and feasibility were considered as prioritized (Go-Zone 1). Results87 unique statements were generated during brainstorming. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in similar sorting data clustering patterns for coaches, health staff, and administrators, incorporating federation strategies, club strategies, and coach and athlete education/knowledge. All clusters were rated >3 on average ratings of importance by all stakeholder groups. Six statements were in Go-Zone 1 for all stakeholder groups, including three statements about coach knowledge and education. Players’ statement importance and feasibility ratings had limited overlap with other stakeholder groups’ Go-Zone 1 statements. Players’ Go-Zone 1 statements mainly addressed individual load management and practical training setup. ConclusionCoach knowledge and education, alongside collaboration among stakeholder groups, are essential when implementing injury prevention initiatives in youth handball. Stakeholder groups have varying perspectives, underscoring the importance of understanding and addressing these diverse viewpoints when implementing initiatives.
Journal Article
2 TENDINopathy Severity assessment – Achilles (TENDINS-A): evaluation of reliability and validity in accordance with COSMIN recommendations
IntroductionWe evaluated construct validity (structural validity and hypothesis-testing) and reliability (test-retest reliability, measurement error and internal consistency) of the new TENDINopathy Severity assessment-Achilles (TENDINS-A), which is the only outcome measure with adequate content validity for assessment of disability in Achilles tendinopathy.Materials and MethodsParticipants with Achilles tendinopathy completed an online survey: demographics, TENDINS-A, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) evaluated dimensionality. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) evaluated structural validity [Comparative Fit Index (CFI); Standardised Root Measure Square (SRMS)]. Correlations between TENDINS-A and the FAOS/VISA-A evaluated hypothesis-testing. Intraclass correlation co-efficient (ICC) represents test-retest reliability. Cronbach’s α represents internal consistency. Standard error of the measurement (SEM) represents measurement error. ResultsSeventy-nine participants (51% female) with a mean (SD) age= 42.6 (13.0) years, height= 175.0 (11.7) cm and body mass= 82.0 (19.1) kg were included. EFA identified three meaningful factors, proposed to be pain, symptoms and function. The best model identified using CFA had adequate structural validity (CFI= 0.959, SRMS=0.068), excluded three items from the original TENDINS-A and included three factors (Pain, Symptoms, and Function). The TENDINS-A exhibited moderate positive correlation with FAOS (rho=0.598,p<0.001), and moderate, negative correlation with VISA-A (r=-0.639,p<0.001). Reliability of the TENDINS-A is excellent (ICC=0.930; Cronbach’s α=0.808; SEM=6.54 units).ConclusionsOur evaluation of the revised 10-item TENDINS-A has determined it has adequate validity and reliability. Thus, the TENDINS-A can be recommended for immediate use, being the preferred tool over all others to assess disability in Achilles tendinopathy.
Journal Article