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"Flowers"
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Wild Flowers
This book invites readers to take a step into the wild world of wild flowers. Readers will learn about where to find certain wild flowers and how to identify them according to features such as color, scent, and shape. Theyll also learn crucial life science topics such as pollination, germination, and identification of the parts of a plant. Brilliant color photographs bring different wild flower habitats to life, from woodlands to meadows. Fascinating text is supported by activities, diagrams, and quizzes to make this reading experience memorable and interactive.
Book
Permanent floral closure enhances the reproductive efficiency in Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis
Although the causes and consequences of floral closure have been studied widely, the ecological advantages of floral closure and its role in plant reproductive success is largely unknown. Using Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis (Hallier f.) Ooststr., a twining and/or prostrate annual herb as a model system, we experimentally investigated the effect of different pollination treatments (self and cross) on the petal closure. We also evaluated the effect of experimental floral manipulation treatments (wire, wire-control, and control) on the pollen viability, pollen loss, and reproductive success. Further, we hypothesized that floral closure ensures reproductive success by providing protection against the loss of pollen grains by wind and rain and by providing a microenvironment inside the corolla that maintains pollen viability. Further, we predicted that the unpollinated flowers should remain open longer than pollinated flowers. We expected a lower pollen viability and availability of pollen in anthers and reduced reproductive success (fruit and seed set) in experimentally manipulated flowers compared to naturally closed flowers. Floral closure occurred 4-6 h after pollination following fertilization. We observed that the emasculated flowers remained open for a longer time than the pollinated flowers. There were significant differences in floral closure between self- and naturally pollinated flowers. The flowers that were experimentally manipulated to prevent floral closure resulted in lower pollen viability and pollen availability. We have observed significant differences in the proportion of fruit set among different pollination treatments. Mature seed production was significantly reduced in wire-treated flowers compared with wire-control-treated flowers. Further, experimentally treated (wire treatment) flowers resulted in increased aborted seed production than the control flowers. Lower reproductive success in experimentally open flowers could be due to lower stigma pollen load, reduced stigma receptivity, decreased pollen tube growth, and reduced rate of successful fertilization. Our findings suggest that species exhibit an adaptive response to different pollination treatments, because prolonged floral longevity may enhance the likelihood of successful pollination and seed production. Therefore, petal closure is an important non-morphological floral trait that facilitates the reproductive success of this species possibly by maintaining an optimal microenvironment inside the corolla tube.
Journal Article
Fantastic flowers
\"An introduction for young readers to a range of unusual flowers provides each flower's common and scientific names, native range, the insects that pollinate them, and an explanation of the pollination process.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
A new purple-flowered Butia
Background and aims - The highlands of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region comprise one of the largest savannah areas in central Brazil. The region includes large areas of the rare and little-known cerrado rupestre, which is home to numerous endemic species. During research on the Arecaceae flora of Chapada dos Veadeiros, a new species of Butia was discovered, and it is described here. Material and methods - The morphology and anatomy are described based on field collections. Following the default methodology, pinnae and flowers were analysed using LM (freehand cross- and longitudinal sections) and SEM. The new species is compared to its morphologically similar species from the Brazilian central plateau, and an identification key and distribution map were established. Key results - At first sight, the new species Butia soffiae resembles B. archeri, but with staminate and pistillate flowers, which are always purple, different in size, and congested in the rachillae. After close inspection, it is morphologically allied to B. buenopolensis, differing mainly by its glaucous peduncular bract - similar size to the inflorescence, herbaceous peduncle, numerous rachillae, purple floral colour, and inconspicuous staminodes. Differences in leaf anatomy, such as the presence of raphides, a cross-sectionally truncated midrib, and the number of accessory bundles on the midrib, also support the description of a new species. Two structures were recorded for the first time for the genus: squamiform trichomes at the base of the pistil and osmophores on the staminodes. The new species is assessed as Critically Endangered based on the restricted area of occurrence and anthropogenic threats. Conclusion - Butia soffiae is the first endemic Butia species described in Chapada dos Veadeiros. The type population is located near Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, which is the subject of a bill that aims to reduce its area by 73%. The discovery of this new species reinforces the uniqueness of the local flora and the importance of maintaining the park. Keywords: acaulescent, Goiás State, new species, Palmae , plant anatomy, raphides, squamiform trichomes, taxonomy
Journal Article
Bloom boom!
\"When spring arrives, flowers of all kinds sprout and grow buds and bloom. Sometimes, they bloom a few at a time. But other times, many will bloom at once in a colorful flower boom! This photographic exploration of flowers goes from the desert to the woodlands and beyond, celebrating their beautiful variety and the science behind these colorful displays.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Time-Course Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Insights into the Inflorescence and Flower Development of ICardiocrinum giganteum/I
Cardiocrinum giganteum is an endemic species of east Asia which is famous for its showy inflorescence and medicinal bulbs. Its inflorescence is a determinate raceme and the flowers bloom synchronously. Morphological observation and time-course transcriptomic analysis were combined to study the process of inflorescence and flower development of C. giganteum. The results show that the autonomic pathway, GA pathway, and the vernalization pathway are involved in the flower formation pathway of C. giganteum. A varied ABCDE flowering model was deduced from the main development process. Moreover, it was found that the flowers in different parts of the raceme in C. giganteum gradually synchronized during development, which is highly important for both evolution and ecology. The results obtained in this work improve our understanding of the process and mechanism of inflorescence and flower development and could be useful for the flowering period regulation and breeding of C. giganteum.
Journal Article
Comprehensive Evaluation of Appreciation of IRhododendron/I Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
Qinting Lake Park has effectively imported Rhododendron varieties from Zhejiang Province. The analytic hierarchy process was employed to devise an evaluation framework to evaluate the ornamental and adaptive features of these species. Subsequently, we conducted a standardized evaluation of 24 species for their ornamental and adaptive traits under controlled cultivation conditions. The findings indicated that the percentage of ornamental flowers in the first-level index was significantly greater than the other two factors, indicating that the ornamental value of flowers was the most important in the evaluation of Rhododendron ornamental value. Among the secondary indicators, the proportion of flower color and flower weight was significantly higher than that of other factors, which had the greatest impact on the evaluation results. The 24 Rhododendron species were classified into two grades based on their ornamental value, as determined by index weights and scoring standards. Rhododendron ‘Xueqing’, Rhododendron ‘Big Qinglian’, and Rhododendron ‘Jinyang No. 9’ exhibited superior ornamental value and demonstrated more favorable suitability for garden applications.
Journal Article
Garden Flowers
Introduces flowers, discussing plant groups, differences in leaves and seeds, and pests that threaten them.
Book
Discriminative Metabolomics Analysis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Flowers, Leaves, and Roots Extracts of IMatthiola longipetala/I subsp. Ilivida/I
Matthiola longipetala subsp. livida is an annual herb in Brassicaceae that has received little attention despite the family’s high reputation for health benefits, particularly cancer prevention. In this study, UPLC-HRMS-MS analysis was used for mapping the chemical constituents of different plant parts (i.e., flowers, leaves, and roots). Also, spectral similarity networks via the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) were employed to visualize their chemical differences and similarities. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity on HCT-116, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines was evaluated. Throughout the current analysis, 154 compounds were annotated, with the prevalence of phenolic acids, glucosinolates, flavonol glucosides, lipids, peptides, and others. Predictably, secondary metabolites (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates) were predominant in flowers and leaves, while the roots were characterized by primary metabolites (peptides and fatty acids). Four diacetyl derivatives tentatively assigned as O-acetyl O-malonyl glucoside of quercetin (103), kaempferol (108 and 112), and isorhamnetin (114) were detected for the first time in nature. The flowers and leaves extracts showed significant inhibition of HeLa cell line propagation with LC[sub.50] values of 18.1 ± 0.42 and 29.6 ± 0.35 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the flowers extract inhibited HCT-116 with LC[sub.50] 24.8 ± 0.45 µg/mL, compared to those of Doxorubicin (26.1 ± 0.27 and 37.6 ± 0.21 µg/mL), respectively. In conclusion, the flowers of M. longipetala are responsible for the abundance of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic properties.
Journal Article