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"Christopher, Elizabeth M"
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International management and intercultural communication : a collection of case studies : Volume 1
International management and Intercultural Communication consists of cases of direct observation and personal involvement in a wide variety of communication challenges in international management settings, and discusses them in terms of management theories. The cases explore interactions across national cultures and regional boundaries, demonstrating both traditional and unusual approaches to problems that sooner or later are likely to challenge all managers who operate internationally. The book is presented in two volumes. Volume 1 contains case studies concerning different aspects of international management and intercultural communication in business, marketing and policies. -- from back cover of Volume 1.
Book
International management : explorations across cultures
From a historical perspective and a uniquely cross-disciplinary approach, Elizabeth Christopher identifies the major leadership styles that continue to characterise people across regions, nations, communities and organisations, within groups and as individuals. She provides a practical and comprehensive textbook for successful negotiation in a world rich not only in cultural diversity but also in convergence.
eBook
Experimental chemotherapy with Allium sativum (Liliaceae) methanolic extract in rodents infected with Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani
Several plant products have been tested and found to possess antileishmanial activity. The present study was undertaken to establish whether methanolic extract of Allium sativum Linn has antileishmanial activity in comparison to standard drugs.
Methanolic extract of A. sativum bulbs was screened for in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major strain (NLB 145) and L. donovani strain (NLB 065). Pentostam and Amphotericin B were used as standard drugs. BALB/c mice and golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were used in in vivo studies on L. major and L. donovani respectively.
The extract exhibited very low cytotoxicity (IC50 >450 μg/ml) against Vero cells. The extract had significantly better (p <0.001) leishmanicidal activity against both species (IC50 34.22 μg/ml to L. major, 37.41 μg/ml to L. donovani) than Pentostam. However, the activity was significantly lower (p <0.001) than that of Amphotericin B against both the species. At a concentration of 250 μg/ml, the extract induced the production of 60 μM of nitric oxide, a ten-fold up-regulation in activated macrophages. The multiplication indices for L. major amastigotes treated in 100 μg/ml were significantly different (p <0.05). Treatment with the extract, daily for 28 days led to a significant reduction (p <0.05) in footpad swelling in BALB/c mice; similar activity noticed in the treatment with standard drugs. The Leishman-Donovan Units (LDU) for the extract treated animals were significantly higher (p <0.05) than those of standard drugs, but lower compared to the negative control.
Since the mechanism of action for the methanolic extract is apparently immunomodulatory, garlic compounds could be purified and tried as complementary medicine in the management of leishmaniases.
Journal Article
To Love the Wind and the Rain
\"To Love the Wind and the Rain\" is a groundbreaking and vivid analysis of the relationship between African Americans and the environment in U.S. history. It focuses on three major themes: African Americans in the rural environment, African Americans in the urban and suburban environments, and African Americans and the notion of environmental justice. Meticulously researched, the essays cover subjects including slavery, hunting, gardening, religion, the turpentine industry, outdoor recreation, women, and politics. \"To Love the Wind and the Rain\" will serve as an excellent foundation for future studies in African American environmental history.
eBook
The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria
Summary During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Journal Article
Baseline metabolomic profiles predict cardiovascular events in patients at risk for coronary artery disease
Background Cardiovascular risk models remain incomplete. Small-molecule metabolites may reflect underlying disease and, as such, serve as novel biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. Methods We studied 2,023 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Mass spectrometry profiling of 69 metabolites and lipid assessments were performed in fasting plasma. Principal component analysis reduced metabolites to a smaller number of uncorrelated factors. Independent relationships between factors and time-to-clinical events were assessed using Cox modeling. Clinical and metabolomic models were compared using log-likelihood and reclassification analyses. Results At median follow-up of 3.1 years, there were 232 deaths and 294 death/myocardial infarction (MI) events. Five of 13 metabolite factors were independently associated with mortality: factor 1 (medium-chain acylcarnitines: hazard ratio [HR] 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04-1.21], P = .005), factor 2 (short-chain dicarboxylacylcarnitines: HR 1.17 [1.05-1.31], P = .005), factor 3 (long-chain dicarboxylacylcarnitines: HR 1.14 [1.05-1.25], P = .002); factor 6 (branched-chain amino acids: HR 0.86 [0.75-0.99], P = .03), and factor 12 (fatty acids: HR 1.19 [1.06-1.35], P = .004). Three factors independently predicted death/MI: factor 2 (HR 1.11 [1.01-1.23], P = .04), factor 3 (HR 1.13 [1.04-1.22], P = .005), and factor 12 (HR 1.18 [1.05-1.32], P = .004). For mortality, 27% of intermediate-risk patients were correctly reclassified (net reclassification improvement 8.8%, integrated discrimination index 0.017); for death/MI model, 11% were correctly reclassified (net reclassification improvement 3.9%, integrated discrimination index 0.012). Conclusions Metabolic profiles predict cardiovascular events independently of standard predictors.
Journal Article
Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society
The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that individuals with a cervix initiate cervical cancer screening at age 25 years and undergo primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years through age 65 years (preferred); if primary HPV testing is not available, then individuals aged 25 to 65 years should be screened with cotesting (HPV testing in combination with cytology) every 5 years or cytology alone every 3 years (acceptable) (strong recommendation). The ACS recommends that individuals aged >65 years who have no history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe disease within the past 25 years, and who have documented adequate negative prior screening in the prior 10 years, discontinue all cervical cancer screening (qualified recommendation). These new screening recommendations differ in 4 important respects compared with the 2012 recommendations: 1) The preferred screening strategy is primary HPV testing every 5 years, with cotesting and cytology alone acceptable where access to US Food and Drug Administration‐approved primary HPV testing is not yet available; 2) the recommended age to start screening is 25 years rather than 21 years; 3) primary HPV testing, as well as cotesting or cytology alone when primary testing is not available, is recommended starting at age 25 years rather than age 30 years; and 4) the guideline is transitional, ie, options for screening with cotesting or cytology alone are provided but should be phased out once full access to primary HPV testing for cervical cancer screening is available without barriers. Evidence related to other relevant issues was reviewed, and no changes were made to recommendations for screening intervals, age or criteria for screening cessation, screening based on vaccination status, or screening after hysterectomy. Follow‐up for individuals who screen positive for HPV and/or cytology should be in accordance with the 2019 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology risk‐based management consensus guidelines for abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors.
Journal Article