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Surveying the skies : how astronomers map the universe
Since the time of Galileo, astronomy has been driven by technological innovation. With each major advance has come the opportunity and enthusiasm to survey the sky in a way that was not possible before. It is these surveys of discovery that are the subject of this book. In the first few chapters the author discusses what astronomers learned from visible-light surveys, first with the naked eye, then using telescopes in the seventeenth century, and photography in the nineteenth century. He then moves to the second half of the twentieth century when the skies started to be swept by radio, infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray telescopes, many of which had to be flown in satellites above the Earth's atmosphere. These surveys led to the discovery of pulsars, quasars, molecular clouds, protostars, bursters, and black holes. He then returns to Earth to describe several currently active large-scale projects that methodically collect images, photometry and spectra that are then stored in vast publicly-accessible databases. Dr. Wynn-Williams also describes several recent \"microsurveys\" - detailed studies of small patches of sky that have led to major advances in our understanding of cosmology and exoplanets.
Book
The record of the magnetic storm on 15 May 1921 in Stará Äala and its compliance with the global picture of this extreme event
This paper deals with the most intense magnetic storm of the 20th century, which took place on 13-15 May 1921. Part of this storm was observed in the magnetic declination and vertical intensity at Stará Äala, currently known as Hurbanovo. However, the sensitivity of the magnetometer was not determined there in the years when the storm occurred. Here, we estimated the sensitivity scale values on the basis of data from before and after the studied event. The resulting digitized Stará Äala's data for 13-15 May 1921 are the main contribution of this work. The data were also put into the context of the records from other observatories. The overall picture of the geomagnetic field variations compiled from the observations by worldwide observatories, including Stará Äala, suggests that the auroral oval got close to Stará Äala and other European mid-latitude observatories in the morning hours on 15 May 1921.
Journal Article
Earth observations from the Moon's surface: dependence on lunar libration
Observing the Earth from the Moon's surface has important scientific advantages. The angular diameter of the Earth as seen from the Moon's surface is 1.8–2.0∘ (the angular size varies due to the change in the Earth–Moon distance). The libration of the Moon in latitude reaches an amplitude of 6.68∘ and has a main period of 27.21 d (or 653.1 h). The libration of the Moon in longitude, reaching an amplitude of 7.9∘, has a period of 27.55 d (or 661.3 h). This causes the center of the Earth to move in the Moon's sky in a rectangle measuring 13.4∘ × 15.8∘. The trajectory of the Earth's motion in this rectangle changes its shape within a period of 6 years. This apparent librational movement of the Earth in the Moon's sky complicates observations of the Earth. This paper proposes that this disadvantage be turned into an advantage and that a multi-slit spectrometer be placed on the Moon's surface on a fixed platform. The libration motion and the daily rotation of the Earth will act as a natural replacement for the scanning mechanism.
Journal Article
A journey through the universe : Gresham lectures on astronomy
\"Providing an in-depth understanding both for general readers and astronomy enthusiasts, this highly comprehensive book provides an up-to-date survey of our knowledge of the Universe beyond Earth. The book explores our Solar System, its planets and other bodies; examines the Sun and how it and other stars evolve through their lifetimes\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Copernican question : prognostication, skepticism, and celestial order
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus publicly defended his hypothesis that the earth is a planet and the sun a body resting near the center of a finite universe. But why did Copernicus make this bold proposal? And why did it matter? The Copernican Question reframes this pivotal moment in the history of science, centering the story on a conflict over the credibility of astrology that erupted in Italy just as Copernicus arrived in 1496. Copernicus engendered enormous resistance when he sought to protect astrology by reconstituting its astronomical foundations. Robert S. Westman shows that efforts to answer the astrological skeptics became a crucial unifying theme of the early modern scientific movement. His interpretation of this \"long sixteenth century,\" from the 1490s to the 1610s, offers a new framework for understanding the great transformations in natural philosophy in the century that followed.
eBook
Organic Ices in Titan’s Stratosphere
Titan’s stratospheric ice clouds are by far the most complex of any observed in the solar system, with over a dozen organic vapors condensing out to form a suite of pure and co-condensed ices, typically observed at high winter polar latitudes. Once these stratospheric ices are formed, they will diffuse throughout Titan’s lower atmosphere and most will eventually precipitate to the surface, where they are expected to contribute to Titan’s regolith.
Early and important contributions were first made by the InfraRed Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) on Voyager 1, followed by notable contributions from IRIS’ successor, the Cassini Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS), and to a lesser extent, from Cassini’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) instruments. All three remote sensing instruments made new ice cloud discoveries, combined with monitoring the seasonal behaviors and time evolution throughout Cassini’s 13-year mission tenure. A significant advance by CIRS was the realization that co-condensing chemical compounds can account for many of the CIRS-observed stratospheric ice cloud spectral features, especially for some that were previously puzzling, even though some of the observed spectral features are still not well understood. Relevant laboratory transmission spectroscopy efforts began just after the Voyager encounters, and have accelerated in the last few years due to new experimental efforts aimed at simulating co-condensed ices in Titan’s stratosphere. This review details the current state of knowledge regarding the organic ice clouds in Titan’s stratosphere, with perspectives from both an observational and experimental standpoint.
Journal Article
Companion to the cosmos
This is a comprehensive guide to everything mankind knows about the universe, written by one of our most noted science popularisers. The book takes the form of an A-Z, and ends with a timeline of key dates in scientific history.
