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Algorithms of Oppression
As seen in \"a NULL\" Wired and \"a NULL\" Time
A revealing look at how negative biases against women of color are embedded in search engine results and algorithms
Run a Google search for \"black girls\"-what will you find? \"Big Booty\" and other sexually explicit terms are likely to come up as top search terms. But, if you type in \"white girls,\" the results are radically different. The suggested porn sites and un-moderated discussions about \"why black women are so sassy\" or \"why black women are so angry\" presents a disturbing portrait of black womanhood in modern society.
In Algorithms of Oppression, Safiya Umoja Noble challenges the idea that search engines like Google offer an equal playing field for all forms of ideas, identities, and activities. Data discrimination is a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of Internet search engines, leads to a biased set of search algorithms that privilege whiteness and discriminate against people of color, specifically women of color.
Through an analysis of textual and media searches as well as extensive research on paid online advertising, Noble exposes a culture of racism and sexism in the way discoverability is created online. As search engines and their related companies grow in importance-operating as a source for email, a major vehicle for primary and secondary school learning, and beyond-understanding and reversing these disquieting trends and discriminatory practices is of utmost importance.
An original, surprising and, at times, disturbing account of bias on the internet, Algorithms of Oppression contributes to our understanding of how racism is created, maintained, and disseminated in the 21st century.
Safiya Noble discusses search engine bias in an interview with USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
eBook
This book is cute
\"Information about why certain people, animals and things are considered \"cute\" and the scientific background, for children\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Self-Compassion for Weight Loss Maintenance in Women with High Internalized Weight Bias
Background: The Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) intervention targets psychosocial processes shown to be associated with weight loss maintenance. This study examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of adding a MSC program following standard behavioral weight loss (SBWL) treatment on changes in weight, internalized weight bias (IWB), and self-compassion. Methods: Women with Class III obesity (M BMI = 46.6; M age = 49; 82% White) and elevated IWB (Weight Bias Internalization Scale > 3; M. 5.1) received an initial group SBWL then were randomized to 8 weeks of subsequent MSC (n = 13) or cooking/dietary education (CON; n = 15). Weight and self-report measures of IWB and self-compassion were assessed at baseline, 4 months (post-SBWL), and 6 months (post-MSC/CON). Significant results are defined as p < .05. Results: CON attended more classes than MSC (95% vs. 86.2%). MSC was rated neutral for acceptability and appropriateness, with moderate satisfaction. Significant weight loss was observed in both groups at 4 months (MSC M = -6.3%; CON M = -6.2%) and 6 months (MSC M = -4.54%; CON M = -7.3%), with no difference by treatment arm. Self-compassion did not significantly change from baseline to 4 months for either condition (MSC M = 2.9 to 3.3; CON M = 3.1 to 3.3) yet increased at 6 months in MSC (M = 3.3 to 3.9) vs. CON (M = 3.3 to 3.2). In SBWL, IWB significantly reduced from baseline to 4 months for MSC (M = 5.0 to 3.9) vs. CON (M = 5.1 to 4.8), with no further changes between groups from 4 to 6 months (MSC M = 3.9 to 3.1; CON M = 4.8 to 4.5). Conclusions: From 4 to 6 months, MSC increased in self-compassion, but there was no change over time between groups in weight, or IWB. Although blinded to intervention assignment, SBWL reduced IWB among participants subsequently randomized to MSC, possibly dampening the effect of MSC on treatment targets and masking effects by treatment arm. Follow-up assessments at 9 months will be performed.
Journal Article
Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and Peak VO2 in Children –The Arkansas Active Kids Study
Background: Successful measurements of peak VO2 in children are challenging. The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal measurement of cardiopulmonary reserve. Some studies suggest OUES can be used to estimate peak VO2 but the evidence is inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to measure the magnitude of agreement between direct measurements of peak VO2 and peak VO2 predicted from OUES in children ages 7 to 10 years. Methods: Children (n = 96) attended one study visit. Peak VO2 was measured using an incremental bike test. Peak criteria were: peak heart rate >90% of age predicted, RER > 1.0, and ratings of perceived exertion > 8. Oxygen uptake was plotted against the logarithm of total ventilation to estimate OUES. Linear regression analysis was used to model peak VO2 against OUES, and the resulting regression equation used to predict peak VO2 (ml/min, Pred-VO2). Pred-VO2 values were compared against true measurements of peak VO2 (gold standard, GS-VO2) using the Bland Altman plot. Mean bias (MB) was assessed using a 1-sample t-test on the mean value of the difference between measurements (diff). Proportional bias (PB) was assessed by correlating the difference between methods on the average of the two methods. Results: Children were 9.0 ± 1.2 years old. The means of GS-VO2 and Pred-VO2 were comparable (GS-VO2 = 1197.8 ± 272.8 ml/min vs. Pred-VO2 = 1197.8 ± 220 ml/min, p = 0.9975). The Bland-Altman plot showed MB = -0.052 ± 159.4 ml/min (p = 0.9975) and PB as r = 0.34 (95% CI = 0.15-0.50, p = 0.0007). Conclusions: There was no mean bias between Pred-VO2 and GSVO2 measurements of peak VO2. However, the observed PB indicates that Pred-VO2 and GS-VO2 do not agree equally throughout the range of measurements. Therefore, caution is advised when using OUES to predict peak VO2 in children. Funding: USDA-ARS Projects 3092-51000-056- 04A and 602651000-012-06S, NIH-NIGMS 5P20GM109096, NIH 8UG1OD024945, NIH-NCATS 1UL1TR003107.
Journal Article