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Concern about the size of the world's population did not begin with the \"population bomb\" in 1968. It arose in the aftermath of World War I and was understood as an issue with far-reaching ecological, agricultural, economic, and geopolitical consequences. The world population problem concerned the fertility of soil as much as the fertility of women, always involving both \"earth\" and \"life.\" Global Populationtraces the idea of a world population problem as it evolved from the 1920s through the 1960s. The growth and distribution of the human population over the planet's surface came deeply to shape the characterization of \"civilizations\" with different standards of living. It forged the very ideas of development, demographically defined three worlds, and, for some, an aspirational \"one world.\" Drawing on international conference transcripts and personal and organizational archives, this book reconstructs the twentieth-century population problem in terms of migration, colonial expansion, globalization, and world food plans. Population was a problem in which international relations and intimate relations were one. Global Population ultimately shows how a geopolitical problem about sovereignty over land morphed into a biopolitical solution, entailing sovereignty over one's person.

IntroductionThe prevalence of bronchiectasis in New Zealand (NZ) is higher than comparable countries (180/100,000 population)1; the burden and severity of disease are incompletely understood. Bronchiectasis registries such as EMBARC (>14,000 participants) and the Australian Bronchiectasis Registry (ABR, 1360 participants) have improved understanding of bronchiectasis and identified future research priorities. The aim of the NZ Bronchiectasis Registry (NZBR) is to contribute to the understanding of bronchiectasis aetiology and management, both in NZ and internationally. It is closely aligned with ABR and supported by Lung Foundation Australia.MethodsNZBR shares data fields with ABR and EMBARC, with additional fields to reflect unique socio-demographic characteristics of NZ participants. NZBR is a multi-centre, prospective, observational study enrolling consecutive patients in NZ. Participants are identified from existing clinical and research databases, and from inpatient and outpatient encounters. Eligible adult participants have a clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis, excluding cystic fibrosis, confirmed on CT thorax. All participants are seen face-to-face and provide written consent.Demographics, clinical information, exacerbation history (including antibiotic prescription data) and health-related quality of life assessment are collected at enrolment and annual review. Data is entered into a secure online platform, which sits alongside ABR in REDCap.ResultsNational ethical approval is in place. Enrolment began at the primary site in June 2018, shortly followed by a second site. Two additional sites have local research governance approval. To date, 117 participants have been enrolled across 2 sites: 63/117 females (53.8%); mean age 62.4 (±15.6) years. 45/117 (38.4%) of participants are of M ori or Pacific Island origin; 41/117 (35.0%) participants live in the most deprived socioeconomic quintile.ConclusionThese early steps have paved the way for a national bronchiectasis registry and are an early indicator of health inequalities for bronchiectasis in NZ. NZBR will contribute to a regional Australasian Bronchiectasis Registry to create a comprehensive longitudinal dataset across Australia and NZ, to help establish the burden of disease, promote changes in clinical practice and improve clinical outcomes. Future plans include addition of paediatric sites and increased collaboration with international registries.ReferenceTelfar Barnard L, Zhang J. Asthmaand Respiratory Foundation New Zealand; 2017.

The study of migrant populations poses unique challenges owing to the mobility of these groups, which may be further complicated by cultural, educational, and linguistic diversity as well as the legal status of their members. These barriers limit the usefulness of both traditional survey sampling methods and routine public health surveillance systems. Since nearly 1 in 7 people in the world is a migrant, appropriate methodological approaches must be designed and implemented to capture health data from populations. This effort is particularly important because migrant populations, in comparison to other populations, typically suffer disparities related to limited access to health care, greater exposure to infectious diseases, more occupational injuries, and fewer positive outcomes for mental health and other health conditions. This path-breaking handbook is the first to engage with the many unique issues that arise in the study of migrant communities. It offers a comprehensive description of quantitative and qualitative methodologies useful in work with migrant populations. By providing information and practical tools, the editors fill existing gaps in research methods and enhance opportunities to address the health and social disparities migrant populations face in the United States and around the world.

This article presents a narrative of the unfolding of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) since the theory was first formulated in 1986. The first part recapitulates the foundations of the theory, and documents the spread of the SDT to the point that it now covers most European populations. Also for Europe, it focuses on the relationship between the SDT and the growing heterogeneity in period fertility levels. It is shown that the current positive relationship between SDT and TFR levels is not a violation of the SDT theory, but the outcome of a \"split correlation\" with different sub-narratives concerning the onset of fertility postponement and the degree of subsequent recuperation in two parts of Europe. The second part of the article addresses the issue of whether the SDT has spread or is currently spreading in industrialized Asian countries. Evidence gathered for Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan is presented. That evidence pertains to both the macro-level (national trends in postponement of marriage and parenthood, rise of cohabitation) and the micro-level (connections between individual values orientations and postponement of parenthood). Strong similarities are found with SDT patterns in Southern Europe, except for the fact that parenthood is still very rare among Asian cohabiting partners.

Bronchiectasis is increasingly recognised but poorly described. There is variability in aetiology, management and outcomes. We have adapted the EMBARC platform and created a multisite UK based registry with affiliated biobank. The BronchUK partnership (www.bronch.ac.uk) aimed to recruit 1500 adult patients with annual follow up over 3–5 years. We report our demographic data.MethodsMulticentre recruitment (13 secondary care sites) with databasing of patient demographics. Data is quality assured on a routine basis. We followed the EMBARC protocol for data collection including Quality of Life Bronchiectasis (QOL-B) and SGRQ questionnaires.Results1403 patients have been recruited. We report data on the first 813 with complete core datasets; 504 were female (62%), 309 male (38%). The mean age 65 years SD 12.6 (median is 67 IQR 61–73). Patients were predominantly Caucasian (93%). The majority were never smokers 478 (58.8%) or ex-smokers 304 (37.4%) with only 31 (3.8%) self-reporting current smoking. Morbidity was high; Cardiovascular disease was present in 234 (28.8%). 147 (18.1%) were hospitalised in the last year due to respiratory disease, 666 (81.9%) were not. Exacerbations were common with one – 144 (17.7%), Two – 144 (17.7%) three or more- 319 (39.3%). Only 206 (25.3%) reported no exacerbations in prior 12 months. Haemophilus influenzae was the most frequent organism isolated (19.1% of all patients/29.3% of patients producing baseline sputum). Pseudomonas was cultured in most recent sputum in 98 (12.1%) rising to 223 (27.4%) isolating Pseudomonas in the last 2 years. The mean BMI was 26.5 (22.3–29.3) and median, FEV1% predicted median 76.9 (59.1–95.1). The Bronchiectasis severity index (BSI) was - mild= 233 (29%), moderate= 391 (48%), severe= 189 (23%). Common aetiologies were idiopathic (40%) and post infectious (34%). COPD and Asthma were either common comorbidities or suspected aetiologies (16–21% and 3–39%) respectively.ConclusionsThe BronchUK registry has a broadly representative cohort of patients in terms of simple demographics (female predominant, Haemophilus infections, idiopathic/post infectious aetiologies) but the morbidity levels and hospitalisation rates are noteworthy. Long term follow up will help us ascertain which patients are at highest risk of poor outcomes.AcknowledgementsMRC Funding grant MR/L011263/1, Recruiting sites and patients.

References to the second demographic transition (SDT) have increased dramatically in the past two decades. The SDT predicts unilinear change toward very low fertility and a diversity of union and family types. The primary driver of these changes is a powerful, inevitable, and irreversible shift in attitudes and norms in the direction of greater individual freedom and self-actualization. First, we describe the origin of this framework and its evolution over time. Second, we review the empirical fit of the framework to major changes in demographic and family behavior in the United States, the West, and beyond. As has been the case for other unilinear, developmental theories of demographic or family change, the SDT failed to predict many contemporary patterns of change and difference. Finally, we review previous critiques and identify fundamental weaknesses of this perspective, and we provide brief comparisons to selected alternative approaches.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198033.].

Using as his example post-World War I Italy and the government's interest in the size, growth rate, and \"vitality\" of its national population, David Horn suggests a genealogy for our present understanding of procreation as a site for technological intervention and political contestation.Social Bodieslooks at how population and reproductive bodies came to be the objects of new sciences, technologies, and government policies during this period. It examines the linked scientific constructions of Italian society as a body threatened by the \"disease\" of infertility, and of women and men associalbodies--located neither in nature nor in the private sphere, but in that modern domain of knowledge and intervention carved out by statistics, sociology, social hygiene, and social work. Situated at the intersection of anthropology, cultural studies, and feminist studies of science, the book explores the interrelated factors that produced the practices of reason we call social science and social planning. David Horn draws on many sources to analyze the discourses and practices of \"social experts,\" the resistance these encountered, and the often unintended effects of the new objectification of bodies and populations. He shows how science, while affirming that maternity was part of woman's \"nature,\" also worked to remove reproduction from the domain of the natural, making it an object of technological intervention. This reconstitution of bodies through the sciences and technologies of the social, Horn argues, continues to have material consequences for women and men throughout the West.