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Wiggle! march!
Contains colorful illustrations of farm animals, including a cow, a pig, a cat, and others.
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Hiding in Plain Sight: An Abundant and Widespread North American Horse Fly
Tabanus variegatus F. 1805 has been called by the name Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart 1855 for over 80 yr; T. variegatus is one of the most common large horse flies attacking livestock in much of the southeastern U.S. Morphological, ecological, and molecular evidence indicates that T. variegatus is a distinct species, and we redescribe the female and describe the male. The Fabricius holotype, heavily damaged after over nearly 220 yr, is nevertheless taxonomically sound. Morphology (size, color, palp shape, and [r.sub.5] wing cell shape) can usually distinguish T. variegatus from T. sulcifrons, but some specimens remain difficult to separate, especially in and west of the Mississippi River Valley. Using geometric morphometric analyses of the wing vein arrangement and palp shape the two species are significantly different. The wings of T. variegatus females also have more microsetae and sometimes a \"frosty\" appearance. Where they are common and sympatric, as in eastern Tennessee, they are temporally separated such that T. variegatus flies later (August-October) than T. sulcifrons (June-August), minimizing opportunity for gene flow. Museum specimens allow the approximate range of T. variegatus to be compared with that of T. sulcifrons s.l.; T. variegatus is particularly abundant from the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia east to central Tennessee and south to about central Alabama. DNA evidence (COI gene) recovers T. variegatus and T. sulcifrons s.s. in separate clades. Further studies on the T. sulcifrons complex are needed to fully resolve the range of both species, assess the degree of genetic substructuring, and examine relationships with other members of the T. sulcifrons complex.
Journal Article
Possible Coevolution of Vampire Bats in North America and South America During the Quaternary
Vampire bats likely first appeared in South America in the early Miocene ( 20 Ma) and evolved to feed upon the blood of native South American mammals of medium to large body size, in particular, xenarthrans–ground sloths, armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts, and native ungulates–notoungulates and litopterns. Following the formation of the Panamanian Isthmus ( 5 Ma), vampire bats immigrated into North America as participants in the Great American Biotic Interchange, following their preferred prey species, probably xenarthrans. The earliest records of vampire bats are the extinct species Desmodus archaeodaptes from three early Pleistocene faunas in Florida. The large extinct vampire D. stocki occurs in 18 late Pleistocene faunas in the southern US and Mexico. The giant extinct vampire D. draculae is known from eight late Pleistocene faunas from Mexico and Belize south to Brazil and Argentina. The late Pleistocene extinction of D. draculae and D. stocki coincided with the extinction of their primary source of blood, the mammalian megafauna. The common vampire bat D. rotundus survived and now occurs throughout tropical America because it had a broader prey base, feeding on the blood of a variety of medium- to large-sized mammals, and currently preying preferentially on non-native domestic livestock.
Journal Article
Thermographic Profiles in Livestock Systems under Full Sun and Shaded Pastures during an Extreme Climate Event in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil: IEl Niño/I of 2023
The El Niño presents itself as a serious problem in the pastures of the northern region of Brazil, as it compromises the availability and quality of forage and water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the thermographic profile of three production systems in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The results show significant differences between areas with and without chestnut tree shade. Between August and November, the highest temperatures were recorded in full sun pastures, contrasting with lower temperatures in shaded areas. The interaction between the systems revealed significant thermal variations, highlighting the positive impact of native trees on thermal regulation and indicating possible strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of El Niño. The El Niño represents a substantial threat to pastures, affecting the availability of water, forage and compromising the sustainability of grazing areas, especially in the northern region of Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the thermographic profile of three production systems in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The study was conducted on a rural cattle farm in Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil, between August and November 2023. The experiment involved livestock production systems, including traditional, silvopastoral and integrated, with different conditions of shade and access to the bathing area. An infrared thermographic (IRT) camera was used, recording temperatures in different zones, such as areas with trees, pastures with forage and exposed pastures. The highest mean temperatures (p = 0.02) were observed in pastures with full sun from August to November. On the other hand, the lowest average temperatures were recorded in areas shaded by chestnut trees (Bertholletia excelsa). The highest temperature ranges were found in sunny areas and the lowest were recorded in shaded areas. The highest temperatures were observed in the pasture in full sun, while the lowest were recorded in areas shaded by chestnut trees (p < 0.0001). The interaction between the systems and treatments revealed significant temperature differences (p < 0.0001), with the native trees showing an average temperature of 35.9 °C, lower than the grasses and soil, which reached 61.2 °C. This research concludes that, under El Niño in the Eastern Amazon, areas shaded by Brazil nut trees had lower temperatures, demonstrating the effectiveness of shade. Native trees, compared to grasses and soil, showed the ability to create cooler environments, highlighting the positive influence on different species such as sheep, goats and cattle.
Journal Article