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Oxidative damage to DNA has important implications for human health and has been identified as a key factor in the onset and development of numerous diseases. Thus, it is evident that preventing DNA from oxidative damage is crucial for humans and for any living organism. Melatonin is an astonishingly versatile molecule in this context. It can offer both direct and indirect protection against a wide variety of damaging agents and through multiple pathways, which may (or may not) take place simultaneously. They include direct antioxidative protection, which is mediated by melatonin's free radical scavenging activity, and also indirect ways of action. The latter include, at least: (i) inhibition of metal-induced DNA damage; (ii) protection against non-radical triggers of oxidative DNA damage; (iii) continuous protection after being metabolized; (iv) activation of antioxidative enzymes; (v) inhibition of pro-oxidative enzymes; and (vi) boosting of the DNA repair machinery. The rather unique capability of melatonin to exhibit multiple neutralizing actions against diverse threatening factors, together with its low toxicity and its ability to cross biological barriers, are all significant to its efficiency for preventing oxidative damage to DNA.

Stingless bee pollen is bee pollen from stingless bee, mixture of bee salivary enzymes, regurgitated honey, fermented by native microbes during storage in cerumen pot. Stingless bees are a type of honey producers that commonly live in tropical countries. In regions such as South America, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Recently, stingless bee pollen is a widely used dietary supplement due to the benefits associated with the bioactive compounds it contains. Due to the wide range of phytochemicals (flavonoids, polyphenols, phytosterols, phenolic, carotenoids, glutathione, polyphenols, Mangiferonic acid, vit C, vit E) as well as enzymes and coenzymes contained in stingless bee pollen, it is expected to have health-promoting value. Promising reports on antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-allergenic functions that can alter or regulate the immune system potentials require long-term and large clinical cohort studies. Integrating all these data and findings into one manuscript could increase the commercial value of stingless bee pollen as food ingredients. This review will also highlight the utility of stingless bee pollen for their medicinal and therapeutic properties, some of which have yet to be discovered.

The study examined the effect of dietary supplementation of leaf powder and vitamin C on the antioxidative status of the meat and brain of two hybrids of broiler chicken. Two hundred- and forty-day-old chicks, each of Arbor Acres (AA) and Cobb 500 (C5) hybrids of broiler chicken were randomly assigned to diets. Diet 1 and 2 had no supplement; diets 3 and 4 supplemented with vitamin C (200mg/kg of basal), diet 5 and 6 received 1g Leaf Powder (FCLP)/Kg of basal diet while diets 7 and 8 had 1g FCLP/kg of basal diet + 200mg of vitamin C. The interactive effect of hybrid, vitamin C and FCLP significantly influenced the dressing percentage, gizzard, pancreas, heart and proventriculus. Brain catalase and glutathione were significantly influenced by the hybrid, vitamin C and FCLP inclusion. Dietary supplementation of FCLP and vitamin C significantly lower the lipid peroxidation of the meat. There was significant interactive effect of the factors on lipid peroxidation while meat catalase and glutathione were significantly increased by the inclusion of FCLP. This study revealed that the dietary inclusions of broilers’ diets with 1g FCLP and 200mg vitamin C/kg of feed could influence carcass and organs weights as well as improve meat quality and brain antioxidant status of broiler chicken, with the C5 hybrid showing better antioxidative status.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic inflammatory and auto immune disorder. RA is provoked by genetical predisposition and environmental factors. Oxidative stress makes the human liable to diseases like diabetes, RA, cancer, atherosclerosis etc. Hence the study investigated the anti-arthritic and oxidative activity of ethanolic extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (EEGP) as it has not been pharmacologically tested. Anti-arthritic potential was evaluated in vitro using protein denaturation by bovine serum albumin and in vivo by Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA) models at 200 and 400mg/kg doses. Also, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant ability was appraised by DPPH scavenging and assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of albumin denaturation with maximum results obtained at 800μg/ml. The results of CFA model depicted better protection against arthritic lesions and body weight alterations. Also G. pentaphylla remarkably ameliorated histopathological changes. Additionally, plant exhibited remarkable anti-oxidant activity.

Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the incidence and economic burden of which is increasing each year. OxS triggers the dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with metabolism and epigenetics, including microRNAs, which are biomarkers of metabolic disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between microRNAs and OxS in MetS and its components. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the most relevant studies. Collected data suggested that different sources of OxS (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, obesity, proinflammatory cytokines) change the expression of numerous microRNAs in organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and endothelium. Dysregulated microRNAs either directly or indirectly affect the expression and/or activity of molecules of antioxidative signaling pathways (SIRT1, FOXOs, Keap1/Nrf2) along with effector enzymes (e.g., GPx-1, SOD1/2, HO-1), ROS producers (e.g., NOX4/5), as well as genes of numerous signaling pathways connected with inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, thus promoting the progression of metabolic imbalance. MicroRNAs appear to be important epigenetic modifiers in managing the delicate redox balance, mediating either pro- or antioxidant biological impacts. Summarizing, microRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets in ameliorating the repercussions of OxS in MetS.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, thereby altering their functions. When a balance between production of ROS and antioxidative defense is disturbed, state of oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress leads to many diseases. There are few biomarkers that are used for better understanding how oxidative stress is involved in cancer pathophysiology. This review focuses on 8-hidroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and antioxidative enzymes as biomarkers for measurement of oxidative stress in different types of cancer. This review also deals with the product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and across a variety of cancers. To address this aim, analysis of studies of breast, prostate, lung, colon, cervical, ovarian, brain, bladder, renal, thyroid cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been conducted. In general, levels of antioxidative enzymes are mostly lower in cancer patients, while 8-OHdG and MDA are higher. Further research is needed, with focus on correlation levels of these biomarkers and advancement of the disease. Moreover, all studies explored the idea of those biomarkers as a useful tool in determining the levels of oxidative stress. Some of the studies proposed their potential in defining the stage of tumor progression.

Weathering deterioration affects seed quality, especially in areas with excessive rainfall. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress, physiological quality, and protein metabolism of seeds of different soybean cultivars under weathering deterioration at the pre-harvest phase. Six soybean cultivars (BMX Apolo, DM 6563, NS 5959, NA 5909, BMX Potência, and TMG 1175) were subjected to simulated rainfall at the R8 stage. Each level was divided into two applications at 72-h intervals: 60 mm (30 + 30), 120 mm (60 + 60), and 180 mm (90 + 90). Then, the seeds were harvested and evaluated for physiological potential, antioxidative enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proteins, and protease activity. The simulated rainfall allowed the variation in seed moisture, promoting a significant reduction in germination and seed vigor, especially at 120 and 180 mm levels. There were also reductions in antioxidative enzyme activity with weathering deterioration (mainly for catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and reductions in protein content and protease activity. The proposed rainfall system is efficient in inducing weathering deterioration during the pre-harvest phase and its deleterious effects. Weathering deterioration in soybean seeds in the pre-harvest stage is directly influenced by genotype.

This review deals with the adaptive mechanisms that plants can implement to cope with the challenge of salt stress. Plants tolerant to NaCl implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. These changes include increases in the root/canopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the leaf anatomy that ultimately lead to preventing leaf ion toxicity, thus maintaining the water status in order to limit water loss and protect the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, we deal with the effect of salt stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence and some of the mechanisms thought to protect the photosynthetic machinery, including the xanthophyll cycle, photorespiration pathway, and water-water cycle. Finally, we also provide an updated discussion on salt-induced oxidative stress at the subcellular level and its effect on the antioxidant machinery in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants. The aim is to extend our understanding of how salinity may affect the physiological characteristics of plants.

Nearly all metabolic changes and responses in the plant life cycle are influenced by seasonal environmental conditions which profoundly affect their growth, yield and metabolism. This work was carried out under tropical environmental conditions of Kolkata, West Bengal, India in three seasons –summer, rainy and winter in two stages – preflowering and postflowering to study the effect of seasonal variations (if any) on some select antioxidants and scavenging enzyme activities in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to determine the favourable/unfavourable seasons for growth and yield and thus correlate with the yield quality. Favourable seasons (summer for Abelmoschus; winter for Lycopersicon) recorded low reactive oxygen species production accompanied by elevated activities of scavenging enzymes while the unfavourable seasons (winter for Abelmoschus; rainy for Lycopersicon) showed the opposite trend. These periods were marked by abundant production of free radicals (meaured as MDA and total peroxide contents), accompanied by poor scavenging and reduced detoxification of these active oxygen species by the antioxidants ( ascorbic acid) and scavenging enzymes (SOD, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbic acid oxidase). These results could be well correlated with yield and yield quality of these two crop plants. The parameters under study served as useful bioassay indices of environmental stress, while the two plants acting as a measure of the prevailing environmental conditions, can serve as efficient bio indicator species. Thus, plant response to environment indicates the enormous impact of environmental stress on agricultural productivity.

Three hundred 1-day old broiler chickens were used to assess the effects of Mucuna leaf meal (MLM) dietary supplementation on the performance, haemato-biochemical indices, oxidative status and meat of broiler chickens. Five experimental supplemented diets were formulated: diets: 1 (0% supplement), 2 (1.1 % OXYT), 3 (0.5% MLM), 4 (1.0 % MLM) and 5 (1.5% MLM). The final weight gain of the birds fed diets 2 and 5 was higher (p < 0.05) than those birds fed the control and other diets. The relative weights of the lung were affected (p < 0.05) by dietary supplementation. Serum cholesterol concentration reduces (p < 0.05) with increased dietary MLM supplementation levels from 1.0% to 1.5%. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels increased (p < 0.05) in the broiler chickens fed a 1.5% MLM supplemented diet, compared to those fed the control and other diets. Meat cholesterol of the chickens fed 1.0%, and 1.5% MLM supplemented diets were lower (p < 0.05) than the experimental birds fed the rest diets. In conclusion, the 1.5 % MLM dietary supplementation improves body weight gain, reduces the serum cholesterol concentration, increases the serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities of the chickens and reduced the meat cholesterol.