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The effect of errors in positioning the segments of the parabolic mirror of the Millimetron space observatory radio telescope on the point scattering function is analyzed. A method of monitoring the phasing of the segmented paraboloid, based on the use of auxiliary conical mirrors connected constructively with the paraboloid segments, is developed. A method of monitoring the shape of the central part of the paraboloid is proposed.

This paper describes the Jas4pp framework for exploring physics cases and for detector-performance studies of future particle collision experiments. Jas4pp is a multi-platform Java program for numeric calculations, scientific visualization in 2D and 3D, storing data in various file formats and displaying collision events and detector geometries. It also includes complex data-analysis algorithms for function minimisation, regression analysis, event reconstruction (such as jet reconstruction), limit settings and other libraries widely used in particle physics. The framework can be used with several scripting languages, such as Python/Jython, Groovy and JShell. Several benchmark tests discussed in the paper illustrate significant improvements in the performance of the Groovy and JShell scripting languages compared to the standard Python implementation in C. The improvements for numeric computations in Java are attributed to recent enhancements in the Java Virtual Machine.

High energy physics is replete with multi-dimensional information which is often poorly represented by the two dimensions of presentation slides and print media. Past efforts to disseminate such information to a wider audience have failed for a number of reasons, including a lack of standards which are easy to implement and have broad support. Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF) has in recent years become the de facto standard for secure, dependable electronic information exchange. It has done so by creating an open format, providing support for multiple platforms and being reliable and extensible. By providing support for the ECMA standard Universal 3D (U3D) file format in its free Adobe Reader software, Adobe has made it easy to distribute and interact with 3D content. By providing support for scripting and animation, temporal data can also be easily distributed to a wide audience. In this talk, we present examples of HEP applications which take advantage of this functionality. We demonstrate how 3D detector elements can be documented, using either CAD drawings or other sources such as GEANT visualizations as input. Using this technique, higher dimensional data, such as LEGO plots or time-dependent information can be included in PDF files. In principle, a complete event display, with full interactivity, can be incorporated into a PDF file. This would allow the end user not only to customize the view and representation of the data, but to access the underlying data itself.

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that Atlantic-style passive margins have experienced episodes of uplift and volcanism in response to changes in mantle circulation long after cessation of rifting. Passive margins are thus an attractive archive from which to retrieve records of mantle circulation and lithospheric alteration. However, this archive remains under-utilized due to difficulty in deciphering the surficial records of passive margin tectonism and linking them to seismic velocity structure. Here we present a new approach to unraveling the tectonic history of passive margins using U-Pb dating of calcite in faults and fractures along the eastern North American margin. These ages show a 40 Myr long period of continuous fracturing and faulting from ~115 to 75 Ma followed by another episode in Mio-Pliocene time. We argue that the former event represents a response to Cretaceous lithospheric alteration whereas the latter records development of modern relief in the northern Appalachians. It is thought that Atlantic style passive margins have experienced episodes of uplift and volcanism in response to changes in mantle circulation. The authors here employ U-Pb dating of calcite in faults and fractures along the eastern North American margin and find a 40 Myr long period of fracturing and faulting from 115 to 75 Ma.

The safety and efficacy of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa ) for treatment of pain is highly controversial. Kratom produces more than 40 structurally related alkaloids, but most studies have focused on just two of these, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Here, we profiled 53 commercial kratom products using untargeted LC–MS metabolomics, revealing two distinct chemotypes that contain different levels of the alkaloid speciofoline. Both chemotypes were confirmed with DNA barcoding to be M. speciosa. To evaluate the biological relevance of variable speciofoline levels in kratom, we compared the opioid receptor binding activity of speciofoline, mitragynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine function as partial agonists of the human µ-opioid receptor, while speciofoline does not exhibit measurable binding affinity at the µ-, δ- or ƙ-opioid receptors. Importantly, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine demonstrate functional selectivity for G-protein signaling, with no measurable recruitment of β-arrestin. Overall, the study demonstrates the unique binding and functional profiles of the kratom alkaloids, suggesting potential utility for managing pain, but further studies are needed to follow up on these in vitro findings. All three kratom alkaloids tested inhibited select cytochrome P450 enzymes, suggesting a potential risk for adverse interactions when kratom is co-consumed with drugs metabolized by these enzymes.

In a randomized study involving 582 patients with advanced nonsquamous lung cancer that had progressed after primary treatment, nivolumab produced a higher response rate and longer overall survival than standard docetaxel. Effective options are limited for patients with nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease progresses after first-line chemotherapy. Docetaxel was approved as a second-line treatment for advanced NSCLC on the basis of longer survival than that with best supportive care. 1 – 3 Newer agents, such as pemetrexed and erlotinib, which have a better side-effect profile than docetaxel, have either been shown to be noninferior to docetaxel or have failed to show superiority to docetaxel with respect to overall survival when they are used as second-line therapy. 4 , 5 The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor expressed on activated T cells is engaged by . . .

Drought has been frequently discussed as a trigger for forest decline. Today, large-scale Scots pine decline is observed in many dry inner-Alpine valleys, with drought discussed as the main causative factor. This study aimed to analyse the impact of drought on wood formation and wood structure. To study tree growth under contrasting water supply, an irrigation experiment was installed in a mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest at a xeric site in a dry inner-Alpine valley. Inter- and intra-annual radial increments as well as intra-annual variations in wood structure of pine trees were studied. It was found that non-irrigated trees had a noticeably shorter period of wood formation and showed a significantly lower increment. The water conduction cells were significantly enlarged and had significantly thinner cell walls compared with irrigated trees. It is concluded that pine trees under drought stress build a more effective water-conducting system (larger tracheids) at the cost of a probably higher vulnerability to cavitation (larger tracheids with thinner cell walls) but without losing their capability to recover. The significant shortening of the growth period in control trees indicated that the period where wood formation actually takes place can be much shorter under drought than the 'potential' period, meaning the phenological growth period.

In cognitive 5G networks, identifying malicious users is essential for protecting dynamic spectrum access against attacks like jamming as well as spectrum sensing fraud. However, the complexity associated with many 5G settings, limited labelled information, as well as evolving attack methods make it extremely challenging to detect these individuals. In order to provide dependable effectiveness as well as confidence in cognitive radio-enabled 5G communication frameworks, these networks need real-time, efficient, and adaptable classification approaches that can reduce false alarms while generalizing successfully. Therefore, this paper performs the Malicious User Classification in Cognitive 5G Networks (MUC-C5GN) using novel intelligent machine learning-oriented optimization methodology. The data is first collected from the standard benchmark sources called 5G Network Intrusion Detection Dataset (5G‑NIDD). The pre-processing of this collected data is accomplished by the normalization and scaling methods. Next, the feature extraction of this pre-processed data takes place by the Self-Attention RNN-AE (Recurrent Neural Network-Autoencoder) approach. Finally, the classification of the malicious users in cognitive 5G networks is performed by the novel Improved Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (IBERT) model. The parameter tweaking in BERT is done by the nature inspired optimization algorithm called Revolution Optimization Algorithm (ROA). Accuracy maximization is considered as the fitness function for the overall MUC-C5GN model. Over seven types of attack as well as benign traffic, the proposed IBERT-ROA method is evaluated against LSTM-GRU, MLP, Chaotic DBN, and Detectron2 + YOLOv7. According to simulation results, IBERT-ROA achieves the best results with 99.74% accuracy, 98.48% sensitivity, 98.91% precision, 97.82% MCC, as well as 98.91% specificity—demonstrating improvements of up to 5.99% in sensitivity and 2.74% in accuracy over the state-of-the-art technique. These results demonstrate the effectiveness, scalability, as well as suitability of IBERT-ROA for real-time malicious user detection in dynamic cognitive 5G environments.

Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) causes acute respiratory disease of variable severity and has become an emergent threat in both civilian and military populations. HAdV-55 infection is endemic to China and South Korea, but data from other regions and time periods are needed for comprehensive assessment of HAdV-55 prevalence from a global perspective. In this study, we subjected HAdV-55 isolates from various countries collected during 1969-2018 to whole-genome sequencing, genomic and proteomic comparison, and phylogenetic analyses. The results show worldwide distribution of HAdV-55; recent strains share a high degree of genomic homogeneity. Distinct strains circulated regionally for several years, suggesting persistent local transmission. Several cases of sporadic introduction of certain strains to other countries were documented. Among the identified amino acid mutations distinguishing HAdV-55 strains, some have potential impact on essential viral functions and may affect infectivity and transmission.

The properties of cuprate high-temperature superconductors are largely shaped by competing phases whose nature is often a mystery. Chiefly among them is the pseudogap phase, which sets in at a doping p * that is material-dependent. What determines p * is currently an open question. Here we show that the pseudogap cannot open on an electron-like Fermi surface, and can only exist below the doping p FS at which the large Fermi surface goes from hole-like to electron-like, so that p * ≤  p FS . We derive this result from high-magnetic-field transport measurements in La 1.6− x Nd 0.4 Sr x CuO 4 under pressure, which reveal a large and unexpected shift of p * with pressure, driven by a corresponding shift in p FS . This necessary condition for pseudogap formation, imposed by details of the Fermi surface, is a strong constraint for theories of the pseudogap phase. Our finding that p * can be tuned with a modest pressure opens a new route for experimental studies of the pseudogap. High-temperature superconductors exhibit pseudogap behaviour that remains of unknown origin, despite many years of intensive study. Here the authors study the onset of the pseudogap under pressure, providing evidence that it requires a hole-like Fermi surface and constraining future theoretical developments.