Explore the vast range of titles available.

People perceive colors categorically. But what is the role of the environment (or nature)--specifically, language--in color perception? The effects of language on the way people categorize and perceive colors have been considered to be minimal, but recent evidence suggests that language may indeed change color perception. Speakers of languages with different color-name repertoires show differences in the way they perceive color. Research shows that categorical effects on color perception can be induced through laboratory training and suggests language can similarly change color perception through the mechanism of perceptual learning.

Background. Vitamin B12, an indispensable micronutrient, is pivotal in numerous physiological processes, with particular significance during pregnancy and fetal development. The increasing adoption of vegetarian diets and the economic challenges associated with accessing animal-based food sources contribute to the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency. This study aims to examine the levels of vitamin B12 and homocysteine in pregnant women upon admission for delivery and to analyze corresponding cord blood samples from their newborn infants in a substantial sample within the Istanbul metropolitan area. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional multicenter study included women aged ≥16 years admitted for delivery and their newborns ≥34 weeks. The demographic data and the results of complete blood counts within the previous 24 hours before birth were recorded. Vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels were measured in maternal and cord blood samples. The study parameters were compared between the groups based on the mothers’ and babies’ homocysteine and vitamin B12 levels. Results. The study included 832 pregnant women and 832 neonates. Anemia affected 36% of pregnant women, with a higher frequency in mothers with vitamin B12 deficiency. Seventy-eight mothers and 48.9% of neonates showed Vitamin B12 levels below 200 pg/mL, while elevated homocysteine levels were observed in 30% of mothers and 26% of neonates. Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly correlated with cord blood B12 deficiency and elevated homocysteine. The median cord blood vitamin B12 level was inversely correlated with the number of previous pregnancies. Conclusion. Vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely common in pregnant women before delivery, significantly correlating to cord blood homocysteine and vitamin B12 levels. However, homocysteine alone is not a reliable marker for maternal vitamin B12 status. Implementing strategies to detect vitamin B12 deficiency and supplying adequate vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy holds the potential to enhance maternal and neonatal health in Türkiye. 

The relationship between language and colour categorisation is explored testing the predictions of the linguistic relativity hypothesis. The basic colour terms of Turkish are investigated, with findings suggesting that the Berlin and Kay (1969) theory of universal colour term evolution might require further revisions. The maximum number allowed by the theory is exceeded by the Turkish colour term inventory, by an extra term in the blue region. This difference between Turkish and English is exploited to test the effects of linguistic categories on colour perception and cognition. Evidence is presented suggesting that some aspects of categorical colour perception may not be fixed and universal, but flexible and culture-specific. Perceived similarity of colours seems to be open to influence by a linguistic category boundary. The argument of flexibility is further investigated using a category learning paradigm. Evidence suggested that perceptual and cognitive effects of colour category boundaries might be acquired through laboratory training. Subjects judge colours to be different more accurately when they come from different categories acquired in training than when they are from the same category. Mechanisms, which may be responsible for such flexibility, are explored in relation to findings in the literature. It is argued that perception and cognition may not be distinguished from each other by clear-cut boundaries. Rather, and interaction between percepts and concepts may facilitate effects of language and learning on human colour categorisation.

Background In addition to its classic effect of lactation, prolactin (PRL) has begun to attract attention for its non-classic effects, particularly on the immune system. Objective This study aimed to compare the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), thyroid autoantibodies, and thyroid function tests (TFTs) in patients with hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) of at least 25 ng/ml and in healthy controls with PRL of less than 25 ng/ml. We conducted a retrospective case-control study at a single tertiary referral center. All study participants underwent measurement of antibodies to thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), TSH, and fT4 levels, as well as ultrasonographic thyroid pattern assessment. Results The AITD rate was found to be 33.5% in those with PRL ≥ 25. In the healthy control group, this rate was 23.5%, and this difference was statistically significant ( p  = 0.006). Among those with PRL ≥ 25, anti-TPO and anti-Tg levels, as well as TSH levels, were significantly higher, and sT4 levels were significantly lower compared to the control group ( p  < 0.001). There was a positive relationship between PRL levels and TSH, anti-Tg, and anti-TPO levels, while there was a negative relationship with sT4 levels, all of which were statistically significant but relatively weak. The ROC analysis revealed that the PRL level was 21.77 ng/mL for detecting anti-TPO positivity and anti-Tg positivity; the cut-off value was determined to be 21.92 ng/mL. Conclusions There is an increase in the frequency of AITD and thyroid autoantibodies in HPRL patients. We can conclude that exceeding the PRL threshold value increases the risk. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Background HER2-positive breast cancer accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancer cases. Anti-HER2–based neoadjuvant therapy combined with taxanes, particularly docetaxel and paclitaxel, constitutes the standard treatment approach. Although these regimens are widely used, most studies have focused on systemic adverse effects, with limited data addressing their impact on postoperative surgical complications. This study aimed to evaluate the association between docetaxel- and paclitaxel-based neoadjuvant regimens and early wound complications in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Method We retrospectively analyzed 139 patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery following neoadjuvant therapy at Ankara Etlik City Hospital between October 2022 and January 2025. Patients were grouped according to the taxane received (docetaxel, n  = 95; paclitaxel, n  = 44). Demographic, clinicopathologic characteristics, and early postoperative wound complications were compared. Major complications were defined as major wound dehiscence and skin necrosis. Associations between variables and major complications were evaluated using univariate analysis. Results Major complications were significantly more frequent in the docetaxel group compared to the paclitaxel group (9.5% vs. 0%, p  = 0.022), while no significant difference was observed in minor complications ( p  = 0.704). In subgroup analysis excluding patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection, this association remained significant (11.1% vs. 0%, p  = 0.034). Conclusions Docetaxel-based neoadjuvant therapy was associated with a higher rate of major postoperative wound complications compared with paclitaxel-based regimens in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. This association persisted after excluding patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the retrospective design and limited number of events.

The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards programming, the perceptions of self-efficacy about block-based programming and the opinions of pre-service teachers on the use of educational robots. This research is a quantitative and qualitative research conducted using a mixed research design. The study group of the research consisted of 140 undergraduate students from the universities in Turkey, studying in the Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies. The data were collected through the Attitude Scale of Computer Programming Learning, the Self-Efficacy Perception Scale Related to Block-Based Programming and the interview form developed by the researchers. The quantitative data were analyzed by arithmetic mean, standard deviation, pearson r correlation, regression, t-test and ANOVA analysis, and the qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis method and the following results were obtained: the attitudes of pre-service teachers and their perceptions of self-efficacy are above average and interrelated. The pre-service teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy vary according to grade level. However, their attitudes do not differ according to class level. However, the perceptions of self-efficacy and the attitudes have been found to differ according to the university where they study gender and education. In addition, pre-service teachers’ opinions about educational robots are that educational robots contribute to problem solving and programming skills.

Background/Objectives: The delta neutrophil index (DNI)—a hematology analyzer-derived measure of circulating immature granulocytes—may assist pre-biopsy decision-making, yet its behavior across tumor types is incompletely defined. We examined whether pre-biopsy DNI differs by pathology category, tumor class, and definitive histology, and evaluated diagnostic performance. Methods: In this retrospective, single-center cohort, consecutive inpatients with malignancy were screened (n = 2009). Exclusions included positive blood cultures, prior chemotherapy/radiotherapy before index labs, and lack of definitive pathology, yielding 1313 analyzable cases. All laboratories, including DNI, were obtained before diagnostic biopsy. DNI was assessed as a continuous variable and categorized (Zero = 0; High > 0.6). Groupwise differences used Kruskal–Wallis and χ2 tests with FDR control; discrimination used ROC analyses (one-versus-rest/pairwise). Results: DNI distributions differed across pathology, tumor class, and definitive diagnoses (all p < 0.001). High DNI (>0.6) and Zero DNI (=0) proportions also varied significantly by grouping. Hematologic malignancies showed the highest DNI (median ~1.0) compared with sarcoma and carcinoma (medians ~0.4). Using DNI alone, one-versus-rest AUCs were 0.735 (hematologic), 0.692 (melanoma), 0.672 (sarcoma), and 0.652 (carcinoma); the strongest pairwise separation was hematologic versus sarcoma (AUC 0.780). For specific solid tumors, including breast and renal cell carcinoma, single-marker discrimination was modest; no clinically actionable RCC cutoff emerged. Sensitivity analyses restricted to culture-negative cases yielded consistent findings. Conclusions: Pre-biopsy DNI exhibits tumor-type-dependent variation and provides adjunct diagnostic signal—the strongest for hematologic malignancy—yet is insufficient alone for solid tumor subtyping. Integration with clinical assessment and routine biomarkers, and multi-center validation with device harmonization are warranted.