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Background Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy-specific liver disorder associated with impaired bile flow and increased perinatal risks. Xenin-25, a gastrointestinal peptide regulating bile flow and metabolic activity, has not been investigated in ICP. This study aimed to evaluate serum Xenin-25 levels in ICP and to assess its diagnostic and prognostic potential. Methods The present prospective cross-sectional study comprised 44 women with ICP and 44 healthy controls of equivalent gestational age. The diagnosis of ICP was established on the presence of pruritus and fasting bile acid levels that exceeded 10 µmol/L. Serum concentrations of Xenin-25 were measured by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A comprehensive data set encompassing demographic and clinical characteristics was systematically collected. Group comparisons were performed using a range of analytical methods, including t-tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and chi-square tests. Correlations were analysed to provide a comprehensive overview of the data. The diagnostic accuracy was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results Levels of Xenin-25 were found to be significantly elevated in ICP cases in comparison to the control group (48.3 ± 7.9 vs. 20.9 ± 5.2; p  < 0.001). ROC analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) value of 1.000, indicating perfect sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 97.7%, respectively. The correlation between Xenin-25 and various biological markers was investigated, with a strong correlation observed between Xenin-25 and alanine aminotransferase ALT ( r  = 0.549), aspartate aminotransferase AST ( r  = 0.473), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index APRI ( r  = 0.445), fibrinogen ( r  = 0.610), and Fib-4 ( r  = 0.351). However, a negative correlation was identified between Xenin-25 and albumin ( r =-0.305, p  = 0.004). No significant correlation was observed with maternal age, gestational week, or bile acids. In comparison with the control group, the ICP group exhibited lower gestational age at delivery and reduced birth weight ( p  < 0.001). Furthermore, there were elevated rates of adverse outcomes, although no direct correlation was observed between Xenin-25 and perinatal outcomes. Conclusions This initial investigation into Xenin-25 in ICP demonstrates its substantial elevation and exceptional diagnostic efficacy, eclipsing conventional markers. The findings, indicating a link between Xenin-25, hepatic stress and fibrosis scores, support the hypothesis that Xenin-25 can function as a prognostic biomarker. In order to confirm its role in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) pathophysiology and clinical practice, larger multicentre studies are required. Trial registration Not applicable.

This study is based on an area in Hatay, Turkey, and involves examining all weather and climate-related data that can be used to determine its suitability for the bioclimatic comfort. It attempts to explain bioclimatic comfort and describes in detail all the variables that make this contemporary concept and why it is important from a landscape architecture planning point of view. According to Köppen climate classification, the general climate character of the study area is classified as medium-altitude, warm summer, and climate type with mild or winters with Csa-Csb letters. As the area is very large in terms of total area, the findings were different across the whole area; which means that some parts were bioclimatic-comfort-friendly and other parts were not to varying degrees. June is the month in which suitable areas cover the province’s largest area. Because temperatures have reached a suitable level in terms of climatic comfort, humidity and wind speed have increased. In climatic map result, it shows that Hatay is the highest region area with high altitudes of regions in the center. The examination for thermal comfort took place for months. Hatay’s results show that it serves as a helper in future planning of landscape: planning that brings the comfort of bioclimatic to the level of highest and that helps determine new region settlement in Hatay. The study finally proposes that it paves the way for future researches and studies to ultimately standardize bioclimatic comfort in landscape architecture and urban planning that allows achieving the optimal planning objectives in all aspects.

The Taurus Mountain is one of the most important karstic region of the world and dolines are characteristics landforms of this area. However, the number and distribution of doline are unknown in the study area. The aims of this study are to explain the total number of dolines, distribution of doline density, effects of slope conditions and the change of doline orientation in the Taurus Mountains. According to the 1/25000 scale topographic maps utilized in this study, a total of 140,070 dolines were determined in a 13,189 km2 area on eleven high karstic plateaus bordered by steep slopes and deep gorges. These plateaus are substantially affected by highly-faulted and jointed systems and about 80% of each plateau is covered with neritic limestone. The dolines are located at an elevation between 10 and 2870 m. Average elevation of all dolines is 1842 m. 90% of dolines are located between 1300 and 2270 m and only 5% of dolines found under 1330 m. According to this results, the densest doline zone corresponds to the alpine and periglacial zone above the treeline. Doline density reaches > 100 doline/km2 on Mt. Anamas and the Seyran, Geyik and Akdağ ranges as well as the Taşeli plateau. Maximum density (187 doline/km2) is found on the Akdağ Mountains. However, 66% of the study area is characterized by low density, 29.9% with moderate density, 3.4% with high density and 0.7% with very high density. The highest doline densities are seen on gentle slopes (15°–25°/km2) and steep slopes (> 35°/km2) are limited doline distribution. According to the rose diagram formed by the azimuths of the long axis of the dolines at the Central Taurus, two direction are dominant in doline orientations (NW–SE and NE–SW). However, dominant directions are NE-SW at eastern, NE–SW and NW–SE at central and NW-SE at western part of the Central Taurus. According to this elongations, doline orientations are formed an arc which is formed by tectonic evolution of the Central Taurus.

The Taurus Mountains, the most important karst terrains of Türkiye, contain many surface and subsurface karst landforms, and the morphometric features of these landforms provide important data on the geomorphological and morphotectonic development of karst areas in the Taurus Mountains. Micro and macro karst depressions are the most important surface landforms in the Western Taurus Mountains. In this study, a total of 7093 micro depressions (doline) and 74 macro depressions (polje) located in the Western Taurus Mountains were detected and morphometric properties were calculated. The poljes developed within the Beydağları Autochthon and Lycian nappes, while the dolines developed mainly in the high karst plateaus within the Beydağları Autochthon. As briefly described below, the morphotectonic evolution of both landforms is closely related to the tectonic evolution of the Western Taurus Mountains. As a result of this tectonic activity, the Lycian Nappes from the northwest and the Antalya Nappes from the east thrust over the Beydağları autochthon, leading to the development of nappes, reverse faults, and fold systems in the study area. The Western Taurus began terrestrialization starting from the Oligocene and began to erode from the Miocene. This erosion process led to the development of valley systems within the Western Taurus region. The NE–SW and NW–SE directional normal faults have developed under the influence of extensional tectonics since the Miocene. This extensional tectonism has caused widespread development of the poljes in the study area. Furthermore, with the lowering of the karst base level, dolines and paleovalleys began to develop in limestone areas at higher elevations. All morphometric and morphotectonic processes reveal that the extension of both doline and polje areas in the study area are parallel to the elongation of tectonic structures in the Western Taurus.

In this study, free vibration of beams with different boundary conditions is analysed within the framework of the third-order shear deformation theory. The boundary conditions of beams are satisfied using Lagrange multipliers. To apply the Lagrange’s equations, trial functions denoting the deflections and the rotations of the cross-section of the beam are expressed in polynomial form. Using Lagrange’s equations, the problem is reduced to the solution of a system of algebraic equations. The first six eigenvalues of the considered beams are calculated for different thickness-to-length ratios. The results are compared with the previous results based on Timoshenko and Euler-Bernoulli beam theories.

İbradı, Akdeniz Bölgesinin, Antalya Bölümünde yer alır. İdari açıdan Antalya İline bağlı olan ilçe, coğrafi konum olarak 37º 00'- 37º 21' kuzey enlemleri ile 31º 20'-31º 43' doğu boylamları arasındadır. Kuzeyinde Derebucak, doğu ve güneydoğusunda Akseki, batı ve güneybatısında Manavgat ilçeleri yer alır.İbradı ilçesi, Akdeniz Bölgesi içerisinde ekstrem sayılabilecek iklim değerlerine sahiptir. İlçenin iklimi, güneyindeki Akdeniz ile kuzeyindeki karasal iklim yayılış sahaları arasında bir geçiş özelliği gösterir.İbradı ilçesi, Batı Toros Dağları'nın yüksek ve engebeli bir kesiminde yer alır. Bu yüzden sahanın coğrafi özellikleri üzerinde, sahip olduğu yükselti koşullarının büyük etkisi vardır. İnceleme sahası 395 - 2288 m yükselti kuşağı arasında yer almaktadır. Araştırma sahasında, makro karstik şekillerden olan Sobuca ve Eynif Polyesi'nin tamamı, Gembos Polyesi'nin bir kısmı bulunmaktadır. İlçenin en önemli akarsuyu Manavgat Çayı olup ilçenin güneydoğusundan geçmektedir.Araştırma sahası sahip olduğu bitki türleri ile yurdumuzun dikkat çeken ekolojik sahaları arasındadır. Sedir, toros göknarı, ardıç ve çam gibi türlerin yanı sıra, bazılarının endemik olduğu otsu ve soğansı türlerin çeşitliliği de oldukça önemlidir.Bu araştırma arazi gözlemleri ve büro çalışmaları ile desteklenmiş, harita ve analiz çalışmalarında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri yazılımlarından MapInfo 11.0 ve Vertical Mapper 3.5 kullanılmıştır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Beyşehir’in yağış, sıcaklık ve nem özelliklerini inceleyerek, vejetasyon devresini tespit etmektir. Ayrıca bu önemli yetişme şartlarının vejetasyon üzerine etkilerini tespit ederek vejetasyon yapısı ile ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, Beyşehir meteoroloji istasyonuna ait 1975-2008 yılları arasındaki 34 yıllık yağış, sıcaklık ve nem verileri kullanılmıştır. Yağış, sıcaklık ve nem’e ait günlük veriler analiz edilerek, bitki örtüsü üzerinde etkili olan özellikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Buna göre Kış mevsimi en çok yağış alan mevsimdir ve yağış bu mevsimde kar ve yağmur şeklinde düşmektedir. Bu yüzden yağış rejimi kış, ilkbahar, sonbahar, yaz (KISY) şeklindedir. Yaz sıcaklıkları bakımından daha çok karasal iklim özelliğini yansıtmaktadır. Ayrıca, Beyşehir’de yağış, sıcaklık ve nem şartları üzerinde coğrafi konumun olduğu kadar, topografik şartlarında etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Yağış şartları bakımından daha çok Akdeniz iklim özelliğini, sıcaklık şartları bakımından karasal iklimin özelliklerini yansıtır. Vejetasyon devresi, ortalama sıcaklığın 8oC’ nin üzerinde olduğu günler kabul edildiğinde 220 günle sınırlıdır. İklimi Kış aylarında Akdeniz yaz aylarında ise daha çok Orta Anadolu iklim özelliği gösterir. Yüksekliğe bağlı olarak karasallık derecesi de biraz daha artmaktadır. Genel iklim özelliği bakımından ise asıl Akdeniz iklim katına girmektedir. Ancak, asıl Akdeniz iklimi bu kesimde değişikliğe uğradığı için geçiş iklimi özelliği gösterir. Bu yüzden araştırma sahasında sıcaklık ve yağış şartları kademeli bir şekilde değişerek bitki örtüsünün çeşitlenmesine sebep olmuştur. Buna topografik yapı ve Beyşehir gölünün nemli şartları da eklenince farklı vejetasyon tipleri ve bitki toplulukları ortaya çıkmıştır.

Araştırma sahasını oluşturan Altınbeşik Mağarası Milli Parkı, Batı Torosların Antalya bölümünde yer alır. Altınbeşik Milli Parkı’nın en dikkat çeken tarafı Milli Park içerisinde aynı isimle bir mağaranın (Altınbeşik Mağarası) bulunmasıdır. Bu çalışma ile Altınbeşik Milli Parkı’nın fiziki coğrafya özellikleri ve ekoturizm potansiyelinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Saha genellikle Kretase ile Jura-Kretase yaşlı kireçtaşı formasyonları ve Paleosen-Eosen yaşlı fliş formasyonlarıyla temsil edilmektedir. Sahanın bugünkü şeklini almasında litolojik yapının yanı sıra, tektonizma, karstlaşma ve akarsu aşındırması gibi faktörler etkili olmuştur. Bu unsurlar, çeşitli vadi şekilleri, mağara, dolin, aşınım yüzeyi, birikinti konisi gibi sahanın jeomorfolojik yapısının şekillenmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Altınbeşik Mağarası Kretase yaşlı masif kireçtaşları içerisinde oluşmuştur. Manavgat Çayı, sahanın en önemli akarsuyunu oluşturur. KD-GB yönünde akan Manavgat Çayı, Altınbeşik Mağarası’nın doğusunda yer alır. Akdeniz ikliminin etkisinde kalan saha Erinç’e göre “çok nemli”, De Mortanne’a göre ise “nemli iklimler” tipine girmektedir. Araştırma sahası dağ ve vadi manzaraları ile dikkate değer bir özelliğe sahiptir. Saha ayrıca mağara, polye, uvala, dolin gibi karst morfolojisi bakımından da oldukça zengindir. Bunun en güzel örneği ise Altınbeşik Mağarası’dır. Sahanın en önemli bitki örtüsünü Kızılçam ormanları ve maki toplulukları oluşturur. Literatür bilgilerine göre araştırma sahası 60’ı endemik toplam 573 tür ile önemli bir floristik çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Altınbeşik Mağarası; Altınbeşik Mağarası Milli Parkı’nın en önemli ekoturizm kaynağını oluşturur. Sahanın dikkat çeken ekoturizm potansiyelleri arasında endemik bitkiler ve çeşitli hayvan türleriyle birlikte; mağara ziyareti, dağ yürüyüşü, foto safari gibi ekoturizm olanaklarının oldukça yaygın olduğu görülür.

Background and Objective: We aim to determine the efficacy and the factors associated with the effectiveness of first-line CDK4/6i (ribociclib or palbociclib) treatment in HR-positive, HER2-negative MBC patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study. Ninety patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving CDK 4/6i treatment from three different oncology clinics were included in this study. Results: Of the patients, 56 (62.2%) received ribociclib, and 34 (37.8%) were administered palbociclib. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding age, gender, comorbidities, ECOG performance status, or menopausal status (p > 0.05). The cut-off values for ER, PR, and Ki-67 levels were determined via ROC curve analysis. These values were found to be 80% for ER levels, 50% for PR levels, and 30% for Ki-67 levels. PFS was significantly longer for patients with ER levels greater than 80% and Ki-67 expression levels less than 30% according to multivariate analysis. Among the patients included in our study, the median PFS was 22.41 months for the patients with Ki-67 levels of 30% and above, while the median PFS was 17.24 months for the patients with ER levels of 80% and below. Among the patients with a combined ER of 80% or less and a Ki-67 of 30% or more, the median PFS was 12.42 months (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that CDK4/6i therapies led to longer PFS among patients with ER levels greater than 80% and Ki-67 expression levels less than 30%. It is essential to determine which patient group benefits more from first-line CDK4/6is therapy.

Background Although regular exercise improves mental health outcomes, barriers such as limited time, low motivation, and lifestyle-related constraints during young adulthood may hinder consistent participation in exercise programmes. Therefore, feasible, short-term, motivation-supported exercise approaches are needed to influence physiological stress markers and psychological wellbeing. This study evaluates the effects of motivational factors (MF), including group exercises, diaphragmatic breathing, and stretching, and a single session of calisthenic exercise (CE) combined with these factors on blood cortisol, depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Methods This study is a three-arm, randomized controlled experimental trial conducted between July 2025 and January 2026 at a public university located in eastern Türkiye. A total of 84 young adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the MF + CE ( n  = 28), the MF ( n  = 28), and the control ( n  = 28). The MF + CE group received a 15-minute motivational factors intervention followed by a 30-minute calisthenic exercise program. The MF group received only the 15-minute motivational factors intervention, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected both before and after the intervention using a Participant Information Form, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), and blood cortisol level measurements. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results In the MF + CE group, blood cortisol levels significantly decreased from 8.43 ± 2.03 µg/dL to 3.64 ± 0.69 µg/dL ( p  < 0.01), while in the MF group, a significant reduction was observed from 8.63 ± 1.92 µg/dL to 5.36 ± 1.03 µg/dL ( p  < 0.05). No statistically significant change was found in the control group ( p  > 0.05). Significant reductions were observed in both intervention groups in the total and subscale scores of the DASS-21, with the most pronounced decrease observed in the MF + CE group. According to the results of the regression analysis, psychological variables and sociodemographic factors together explained 21% of the variance in cortisol levels. Conclusion A single session of calisthenic exercise combined with motivational factors significantly reduced physiological and psychological outcomes in young adults. Motivational factors alone also decreased these parameters. Blood cortisol levels were predicted by psychological variables and lifestyle factors, including exercise frequency, sleep, and perceived economic status in this study population. Trial registration Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under NCT07398729 (01/25/2026).