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[目的]对分布于我国新疆地区欧洲山杨自然居群的遗传多样性与遗传分化进行研究。[方法]对4个欧洲山杨自然居群共72个个体的6个单拷贝核基因标记（sing-copy nuclear markers）进行扩增与测序,并计算相应的遗传多样性和遗传分化参数。[结果]表明：比对后6个基因的长度在459 bp到747 bp之间,平均多态核苷酸位点个数为14,遗传多样性指数π和θw分别达到了0.004 8和0.004 4,基因多样性指数为0.73,以上结果表明欧洲山杨表现出较高的遗传多样性水平。Tajima中性检验结果均不显著,表明所用6个单拷贝核基因均符合中性进化假设。AMOVA分析表明89.72%的遗传变异存在于居群内,居群间的平均遗传分化指数Fst为0.10,居群间平均基因流（Nm）为3.235。[结论]高度异交,高碱基突变率及超长距离的基因流机制能够很好的解释我国新疆地区欧洲山杨表现出的较高的遗传多样性水平与较低水平的遗传分化。

[Objective]This paper aims at investigating the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Populus tremula distributed in Xinjiang, China. [Method]Six single-copy nuclear gene markers of 72 P. tremula individuals from 4 populations in Xinjiang were amplified and sequenced. The parameters of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were calculated. [Result]After aligning, the length of the six genes ranged between 459 bp and 747 bp and the average number of polymorphism sites was 14. Diversity parameters, π and θw reached 0.004 8 and 0.004 4, respectively. The mean value of gene diversity was 0.73. These indicated high level of genetic diversity of P. tremula. The results of Neutral tests using Tajima's D were not significant, which indicated all the six genes did not violate from neutrality. The results of AMOVA analysis showed that 89.72% of the total variance existed within populations. The average genetic differentiation parameter Fst and gene flow among populations reached 0.10 and 3.235, respe