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The war with Catiline ; The war with Jugurtha
\"Sallust, Gaius Sallustius Crispus (86-35 BCE), a Sabine from Amiternum, acted against Cicero and Milo as tribune in 52, joined Caesar after being expelled from the Senate in 50, was restored to the senate by Caesar and took part in his African campaign as praetor in 46, and was then appointed governor of New Africa (Numidia). Upon his return to Rome he narrowly escaped conviction for malfeasance in office, retired from public life, and took up historiography. Sallust's two extant monographs take as their theme the moral and political decline of Rome, one on the conspiracy of Catiline and the other on the war with Jugurtha. Although Sallust is decidedly unsubtle and partisan in analyzing people and events, his works are important and significantly influenced later historians, notably Tacitus. Taking Thucydides as his model but building on Roman stylistic and rhetorical traditions, Sallust achieved a distinctive style, concentrated and arresting; lively characterizations, especially in the speeches; and skill at using particular episodes to illustrate large general themes\"--Publisher website.
Book
What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops
Land cover management in agricultural areas is a powerful tool that could play a role in the mitigation of climate change and the counterbalance of global warming. First, we attempted to quantify the radiative forcing that would increase the surface albedo of croplands in Europe following the inclusion of cover crops during the fallow period. This is possible since the albedo of bare soil in many areas of Europe is lower than the albedo of vegetation. By using satellite data, we demonstrated that the introduction of cover crops into the crop rotation during the fallow period would increase the albedo over 4.17% of Europe's surface. According to our study, the effect resulting from this increase in the albedo of the croplands would be equivalent to a mitigation of 3.16 MtCO2-eq.year−1 over a 100 year time horizon. This is equivalent to a mitigation potential per surface unit (m2) of introduced cover crop over Europe of 15.91 gCO2-eq.year−1.m−2. This value, obtained at the European scale, is consistent with previous estimates. We show that this mitigation potential could be increased by 27% if the cover crop is maintained for a longer period than 3 months and reduced by 28% in the case of no irrigation. In the second part of this work, based on recent studies estimating the impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and the use of fertilizer, we added the albedo effect to those estimates, and we argued that, by considering areas favourable to their introduction, cover crops in Europe could mitigate human-induced agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by up to 7% per year, using 2011 as a reference. The impact of the albedo change per year would be between 10% and 13% of this total impact. The countries showing the greatest mitigation potentials are France, Bulgaria, Romania, and Germany.
Journal Article
حرب يوغرطة
كتاب حرب يوغرطة هو كتاب تاريخي مهم، تم تألفه ونشره سنة 41 ق. م، ويحتوي على مقدمة فلسفية عميقة، ثم يسرد تاريخ القائد والملك الأمازيغي يوغرطة، الذي يسمى يوغر تنب الأمازيغية، ثم وقائع الحرب التي دارت بنه وببن روما، ويعترف المؤرخ الروماني سالوست في هذا الكتاب بعظمة هذا الملك الأمازيغي الشاب الذي أظهر مقاومة بطولة في مقاتلة الرومان لم يبديها أي قائد في عصره ضد إمبراطورية الرومان.
Book
DEFINING CYBERSECURITY AS THE SECURITY ISSUE OF THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY. A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
Nowadays, ICT play an important role in our lives: from entertainment purposes to communication and information activities to conducting a business or taking advantages of the digital public services. Human dependency upon digital space is also present in governmental and international activities and it is on an increasing trend. Nevertheless, the usage of new technologies doesn't offer us only benefits, it also comes with great cost. Cyberspace due to its fast, cheap and anonymous characteristics has became a place for different sort of cybercrimes and attacks. In this condition, the protection of cyberspace and the creation of an efficient and clear cybersecurity policy are among the most important issues on the national and international security agendas. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the current situation and debates regarding cybersecurity from a constructivist approach of international relations theory. Keywords: cybersecurity, constructivism, cyber terrorism, cyberwarfare, ICT, cyber attacks, security policy
Journal Article
Fragments of the Histories ; Letters to Caesar
\"Sallust, Gaius Sallustius Crispus (86-35 BCE), a Sabine from Amiternum, acted as tribune against Cicero and Milo in 52, joined Caesar after being expelled from the Senate in 50, was restored to the Senate by Caesar and took part in his African campaign as praetor in 46, and was then appointed governor of New Africa (Numidia). Upon his return to Rome he narrowly escaped conviction for malfeasance in office, retired from public life, and took up historiography. Sallust's last work, the annalistic Histories in five books, is much more expansive than his monographs on Catiline and Jugurtha (LCL 116), treating the whole of Roman history at home and abroad in the post-Sullan age. Although fragmentary, it provides invaluable information and insight about a crucial period of history spanning the period from 78 to around 67 BCE. Although Sallust is decidedly unsubtle and partisan in analyzing people and events, his works are important and significantly influenced later historians, notably Tacitus. Taking Thucydides as his model but building on Roman stylistic and rhetorical traditions, Sallust achieved a distinctive style, concentrated and arresting; lively characterizations, especially in the speeches; and skill at using particular episodes to illustrate large general themes.\"--Publisher description.
Book
يوغرطة الملك في مواجهة روما ؛ متبوع بالترجمة الكاملة لكتاب سالوستيوس : حرب يوغرطة
كتاب يوغرطة الملك في مواجهة روما للمؤرخ محمد الهادي حارش وهو عمل قيم تجدون فيه ترجمة عربية لكتاب المؤرخ الروماني سالوستيوس الذي نقل لنا تاريخ الحرب الرومانية ضد يوغرطة وسمها الحرب اليوغرطية (Bellum lugurthinum) وعبر عنها أنها كلفت روما الكثير وأن الانتصار فيها كان محل ريب وأنها أدت إلى فوضى في كل شيئ في الأشياء الإلهية والبشرية و وصلت إلى درجت من الجنون حتى سببت المعارك الأهلية في حرب قادت إلى تدمير إيطاليا وتم ارفاق الترجمة بدراسة تحليلية نقدية له هي الأولى من نوعها.
Book
C. Sallusti Crispi Historiae: I: Fragmenta 1.1-146
The Historiae, of which only fragments survive, was probably Sallust's most comprehensive work of history. Embracing the eventful period between 78-67 BC, it describes a series of political crises which ultimately lead to the fall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of Augustus' principate. This volume fills a desideratum in Sallustian studies presenting a new, complete edition and the first comprehensive commentary on the fragments.
eBook