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The MoniDiam project is part of the French national collaboration CLaRyS (Contrôle en Ligne de l’hAdronthérapie par RaYonnements Secondaires) for on-line monitoring of hadron therapy. It relies on the imaging of nuclear reaction products that is related to the ion range. The goal here is to provide large area beam detectors with a high detection efficiency for carbon or proton beams giving time and position measurement at 100 MHz count rates (beam tagging hodoscope). High radiation hardness and intrinsic electronic properties make diamonds reliable and very fast detectors with a good signal to noise ratio. Commercial Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) poly-crystalline, heteroepitaxial and monocrystalline diamonds were studied. Their applicability as a particle detector was investigated using α and β radioactive sources, 95 MeV/u carbon ion beams at GANIL and 8.5 keV X-ray photon bunches from ESRF. This facility offers the unique capability of providing a focused (~1 μm) beam in bunches of 100 ps duration, with an almost uniform energy deposition in the irradiated detector volume, therefore mimicking the interaction of single ions. A signal rise time resolution ranging from 20 to 90 ps rms and an energy resolution of 7 to 9% were measured using diamonds with aluminum disk shaped surface metallization. This enabled us to conclude that polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors are good candidates for our beam tagging hodoscope development. Recently, double-side stripped metallized diamonds were tested using the XBIC (X Rays Beam Induced Current) set-up of the ID21 beamline at ESRF which permits us to evaluate the capability of diamond to be used as position sensitive detector. The final detector will consist in a mosaic arrangement of double-side stripped diamond sensors read out by a dedicated fast-integrated electronics of several hundreds of channels.

In the context of online ion range verification in particle therapy, the CLaRyS collaboration is developing Prompt-Gamma (PG) detection systems. The originality in the CLaRyS approach is to use a beam-tagging hodoscope in coincidence with the gamma detectors to provide both temporal and spatial information of the incoming ions. The ion range sensitivity of such PG detection systems could be improved by detecting single ions with a 100 ps (\\(\\sigma\\)) time resolution, through a quality assurance procedure at low beam intensity at the beginning of the treatment session. This work presents the investigations led to assess the performance of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond detectors to fulfill these requirements. A \\(^{90}\\)Sr beta source, 68 MeV protons, 95 MeV/u carbon ions and a synchrotron X-ray pulsed beam were used to measure the time resolution, single ion detection efficiency and proton counting capability of various CVD diamond samples. An offline technique, based on double-sided readout with fast current preamplifiers and used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, is also presented. The different tests highlighted Time-Of-Flight resolutions ranging from 13 ps (\\(\\sigma\\)) to 250 ps (\\(\\sigma\\)), depending on the experimental conditions. The single 68 MeV proton detection efficiency of various large area polycrystalline (pCVD) samples was measured to be \\(>\\)96% using coincidence measurements with a single-crystal reference detector. Single-crystal CVD (sCVD) diamond proved to be able to count a discrete number of simultaneous protons while it was not achievable with a polycrystalline sample. Considering the results of the present study, two diamond hodoscope demonstrators are under development: one based on sCVD, and one of larger size based on pCVD. They will be used for the purpose of single ion as well as ion bunches detection, either at reduced or clinical beam intensities.

The Bay of Agadir, located in Morocco, is of significant economic and ecological value, yet it has faced persistent pollution challenges due to industrial, port, and tourism activities. Despite recent improvements following the implementation of wastewater treatment plants, particularly in the Anza-Imouran sector, knowledge gaps remain regarding the interactions between marine environmental factors and pollution biomarkers in marine organisms. This study examines the influence of environmental factors on the biomarker responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis across three sites (Anza, Aourir, and Imouran) in Agadir Bay, covering the period from January 2017 to December 2018. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to explore the relationships between four key biomarkers (Catalase (CAT), Glutathione S-transferase (GST), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and seven marine environmental factors (water temperature, air temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and precipitation). At Anza, Aourir, and Imouran, the first two principal components explained a significant portion of the total variance (80.19%, 78.63%, and 88.60%, respectively). Notable findings include a negative correlation between GST and water temperature ( r  = − 0.57) at Anza. In Aourir, CAT exhibited a positive correlation with rainfall and dissolved oxygen ( r  = 0.78 and r  = 0.41, respectively) but a negative correlation with pH and salinity ( r  = − 0.58 and r  = − 0.44, respectively). Additionally, GST was positively correlated with rainfall ( r  = 0.52), while showing a negative relationship with pH and water temperature ( r  = − 0.40 and r  = − 0.53, respectively). MDA was negatively correlated with salinity ( r  = − 0.59), and AChE was inversely associated with electrical conductivity ( r  = − 0.41). In Imouran, CAT was positively correlated with rainfall ( r  = 0.70), while exhibiting negative correlations with pH, salinity, and electrical conductivity ( r  = − 0.73, r  = − 0.60, and r  = − 0.61, respectively). GST showed a positive correlation with electrical conductivity and salinity ( r  = 0.55 and r  = 0.48), but a negative correlation with water temperature ( r  = − 0.47). MDA was positively correlated with rainfall ( r  = 0.66) and negatively with pH, electrical conductivity, and salinity ( r  = − 0.74, r  = − 0.58, and r  = − 0.67, respectively). These findings highlight the intricate relationship between marine environmental factors and biomarker variability in M. galloprovincialis , emphasizing the importance of further understanding their impact on marine organism health amid ongoing environmental changes. Graphical abstract