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The present paper examines the role of trade as an engine for economic growth in an analytical framework that focuses essentially on industrialization strategy. Two main trade strategies were examined import substitution versus export promotion strategies, the study investigates the impact of trade and industrialization on economic growth based on experience of North Africa region. The main policy recommendation is to establish North Africa Economic Community (NAEC) to enhance trade and economic growth. The central thesis of the present paper is to highlight the experience of two regions; the experience of trade and industrialization in Asian Tigers compared to North Africa Region. The paper identifies the process of industrialization and economic growth as supported by import substitution industrialization strategy (ISIs) in the first phase and an export led growth or export promotion (EP) in the second phase, hence after, the main factors explaining trade and growth were identified, the ultimate objective is to build a practical framework for trade and industrialization policies as a roadmap for economic development. The results had shown a positive and strong relationship between trade balance, (GDP) growth and (FDI) flows and negative relationship with population growth and inflation, this implies that macroeconomic stability is crucial to foreign trade, while sustaining economic growth will improve external imbalance. The experience of Sudan as a case study is highlighted with special emphasis on how to build an effective industrialization strategy and adopt an open up policy for more economic integration with the region and the region and the world economy. It's recommended to emphasize more efforts on macroeconomic policies to maintain economic stability and create a conducive environment for attracting foreign direct investment and avail resources to boost industrial growth. In order to enhance economic integration in North Africa there is a need to establish North Africa Economic Community (NAEC) following the necessary steps for creating a free trade area, monetary union and a common market for North Africa. It is important to adopt specific stages for industrial development in each country by considering real economic challenges and identifying complementarity between agriculture and industry and promoting integration between various economic sectors.

The present study investigates the monetary transmission mechanisms and assesses the monetary policy in Sudan; it focuses essentially on examining whether the channels of the exchange rate or the changes altering the monetary base due to monetization of the deficit and bank lending are the appropriate transmission mechanisms. Based on empirical models the study illustrates the effects of the monetary policy on the real sector. Moreover, it also analyzes the dynamics of inflation in Sudan. This study examined monetary transmission mechanism channels in Sudan using a monthly data covering the period 1998/1-2015/5, in addition to annual data over the period 1970-2014, the results obtained confirmed that it takes about 13 months for changes on money to be reflected in the general price level in a system of equations (namely Bayesian BVAR, ARDL, and VECM). About 67% of the exchange rate adjustments were immediately (spontaneously) reflected in the general price levels indicating a strong exchange rate transmission mechanism. Output growth played a crucial role in reducing inflationary pressures, the results failed to reject the null that money growth does not granger cause inflation or exchange and vice versa ( ) . Moreover, both claims on government and credit (finance) to private sector granger cause inflation. The impulse responses derived from the models clearly visualized the monetary transmission mechanisms, which can be traced as monetization of deficit that led to high growth of claims on government and eventually accelerating monetary expansion, which in turn represented a major cause behind exchange rate depreciation and inflationary pressures. The findings conclude that monetary expansion resulted mainly from fiscal dominance, measured by growth of claims on government (implying reliance on central banks to finance the fiscal deficit), which in turn represented the primary source of monetary expansion. It's evident that the exchange rate pass-through played an essential role in transmission of economic shocks to domestic economy; however, more research is required to identify real and nominal exchange rate misalignment. The paper highlighted the main monetary policy objectives and instruments and described the operational framework and signaled the key challenges and methods of reforming the monetary policy stance. Claims on government represent a major source of money growth which in turn reduced monetary policy effectiveness, as a policy recommendation fiscal and monetary authorities are urged to coordinate policy responses to maintain macroeconomic stability and sustain economic development. Its advised to harmonize fiscal and monetary polici

The present paper used statistical tools and eco¬nomic modeling to explain and interpret capital mo¬bility within the region and explore possible meth¬ods to enhance financial and economic integration. Due to international financial crisis and the political chang¬es in Arab Countries financial and economic integration were reduced remarkably, trade and investment indica¬tors had shown a massive decline indicating a slowdown in economic growth within the whole region. Based on a panel data that includes 7 cross sections (countries within the region), and a time span of 6 years, including the vari¬ables of GDP, Current Account (CA), Foreign Direct In¬vestment (FDI), Degree of Openness and Terms of Trade as economic fundamentals that shape the capital flows. Because of unavailability of data on sources of capital in stock exchange markets the study confined with actual data indicating the performance of the external sector. Pooled methods and including fixed effect methods in cross sections and time were adopted. The findings con¬firmed that in Algeria, Egypt and Morocco capital is highly mobile, while in the rest of the region capital seemed to be virtually immobile.

Background Following the latest war in 2023, over nine million people have been internally displaced, of which White Nile State received over 50,000. They lived in different camps and moved to big cities. This study assessed the scope of mental and physical concerns among the IDPs to identify important healthcare needs. Methods This is a cross-sectional survey of four localities of internally displaced persons in White Nile state, Sudan. Between December 4th and December 14th, 2023, 800 directly interviewed participants were randomly selected using a face-to-face semi-structured interview. Potential participants were determined using a stratified simple random method. Results The findings revealed that 45% of IDPs experienced poor physical health, with prevalent ailments among adults including minor colds (67%), respiratory infections (43%), prolonged flu episodes (36%), insomnia (38%), headaches (42%), gastric upset (44%), nausea (35%), and gastrointestinal issues (40%). Depression, PTSD, and anxiety were prevalent among adults at rates of 18%, 20%, and 14% respectively. Moreover, a staggering 72% of children under five suffered from malnutrition, with males accounting for 44% and females 56%. Conclusion Alarming numbers of IDPs in White Nile State face significant physical and mental health problems, warranting urgent interventions from local and international relief agencies.

Heterozygous PRRT2 variants are frequently implicated in Self-limited Infantile Epilepsy, whereas homozygous variants are so far linked to severe presentations including developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, movement disorders, and intellectual disability. In a study aiming to explore the genetics of epilepsy in the Sudanese population, we investigated several families including a consanguineous family with three siblings diagnosed with self-limited infantile epilepsy. We evaluated both dominant and recessive inheritance using whole exome sequencing and genomic arrays. We identified a pathogenic homozygous splice-site variant in the first intron of PRRT2 [NC_000016.10(NM_145239.3):c.-65-1G > A] that segregated with the phenotype in this family. This work taps into the genetics of epilepsy in an underrepresented African population and suggests that the phenotypes of homozygous PRRT2 variants may include milder epilepsy presentations without movement disorders.

Neurological disorders are now the leading source of disability globally, and ageing is increasing the burden of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. We aimed to determine the global burden of Parkinson's disease between 1990 and 2016 to identify trends and to enable appropriate public health, medical, and scientific responses. Through a systematic analysis of epidemiological studies, we estimated global, regional, and country-specific prevalence and years of life lived with disability for Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2016. We estimated the proportion of mild, moderate, and severe Parkinson's disease on the basis of studies that used the Hoehn and Yahr scale and assigned disability weights to each level. We jointly modelled prevalence and excess mortality risk in a natural history model to derive estimates of deaths due to Parkinson's disease. Death counts were multiplied by values from the Global Burden of Disease study's standard life expectancy to compute years of life lost. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were computed as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost. We also analysed results based on the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. In 2016, 6·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·0–7·3) individuals had Parkinson's disease globally, compared with 2·5 million (2·0–3·0) in 1990. This increase was not solely due to increasing numbers of older people, because age-standardised prevalence rates increased by 21·7% (95% UI 18·1–25·3) over the same period (compared with an increase of 74·3%, 95% UI 69·2–79·6, for crude prevalence rates). Parkinson's disease caused 3·2 million (95% UI 2·6–4·0) DALYs and 211 296 deaths (95% UI 167 771–265 160) in 2016. The male-to-female ratios of age-standardised prevalence rates were similar in 2016 (1·40, 95% UI 1·36–1·43) and 1990 (1·37, 1·34–1·40). From 1990 to 2016, age-standardised prevalence, DALY rates, and death rates increased for all global burden of disease regions except for southern Latin America, eastern Europe, and Oceania. In addition, age-standardised DALY rates generally increased across the Socio-demographic Index. Over the past generation, the global burden of Parkinson's disease has more than doubled as a result of increasing numbers of older people, with potential contributions from longer disease duration and environmental factors. Demographic and potentially other factors are poised to increase the future burden of Parkinson's disease substantially. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) studies, headache has emerged as a major global public health concern. We aimed to use data from the GBD 2016 study to provide new estimates for prevalence and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for migraine and tension-type headache and to present the methods and results in an accessible way for clinicians and researchers of headache disorders. Data were derived from population-based cross-sectional surveys on migraine and tension-type headache. Prevalence for each sex and 5-year age group interval (ie, age 5 years to ≥95 years) at different time points from 1990 and 2016 in all countries and GBD regions were estimated using a Bayesian meta-regression model. Disease burden measured in YLDs was calculated from prevalence and average time spent with headache multiplied by disability weights (a measure of the relative severity of the disabling consequence of a disease). The burden stemming from medication overuse headache, which was included in earlier iterations of GBD as a separate cause, was subsumed as a sequela of either migraine or tension-type headache. Because no deaths were assigned to headaches as the underlying cause, YLDs equate to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Almost three billion individuals were estimated to have a migraine or tension-type headache in 2016: 1·89 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·71–2·10) with tension-type headache and 1·04 billion (95% UI 1·00–1·09) with migraine. However, because migraine had a much higher disability weight than tension-type headache, migraine caused 45·1 million (95% UI 29·0–62·8) and tension-type headache only 7·2 million (95% UI 4·6–10·5) YLDs globally in 2016. The headaches were most burdensome in women between ages 15 and 49 years, with migraine causing 20·3 million (95% UI 12·9–28·5) and tension-type headache 2·9 million (95% UI 1·8–4·2) YLDs in 2016, which was 11·2% of all YLDs in this age group and sex. Age-standardised DALYs for each headache type showed a small increase as SDI increased. Although current estimates are based on limited data, our study shows that headache disorders, and migraine in particular, are important causes of disability worldwide, and deserve greater attention in health policy debates and research resource allocation. Future iterations of this study, based on sources from additional countries and with less methodological heterogeneity, should help to provide stronger evidence of the need for action. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Elderly and patients with comorbid conditions have higher risk of infection and complications. Vaccination hesitancy is defined as the refusal of vaccine or the delay in accepting it despite the availability of vaccines and vaccination services. This study was aimed at assessing knowledge, perception, and acceptability of healthcare staff towards different types of COVID-19 vaccination. A multicenter hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was implemented to study the knowledge, perception, and acceptability of healthcare staff towards COVID-19 vaccination. Multistage sampling technique was applied. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire filled by the participants. 400 participants were studied. 61% of the participants were females, and the most frequent age reported was between 18 and 35 years (67%). A statistically significant association (p=0.048) was found between knowledge about vaccination and professions. The most common vaccine type known and accepted was AstraZeneca vaccine. On assessing acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination, acceptance rate was high (63.8%) and 22.7% of the participants had already got vaccinated. The rejection rate among our staff was 27.4%. This study was conducted in April, 2021. Majority of our healthcare staff believed that vaccination is the key to combat the pandemic. One of the issues and concerns about vaccination was the safety and the risk of developing acute adverse events (p=0.001). Encouraging factor for vaccination was the fear of getting infection themselves and their families. The present study revealed the presence of good knowledge and acceptability among medical staff towards COVID-19 vaccinations in Sudan.

•Essential tremor and tremor dominant Parkinson disease variant constitute the main causes of geriatric tremor.•Olfactory dysfunction is a consistent non-motor manifestations (NMM) of PD and and additional sign in ET patients.•Sniffin’ Sticks test as well as Olfactory bulb volume are valuable biomarkers that differentiate doubtful TDPD and ET cases. Essential tremor (ET) and tremor dominant Parkinson disease (TDPD) variant constitute the main causes of geriatric tremor which differentiation is not always an easy mission. The objective of this work was to study the olfactory performance in ET and PD patients for possible consideration as a differentiating biomarker. This study was performed on 36ET, 22 TDPD variant and 24 healthy controls subjects (HCS) submitted to extended n-butanol Sniffin’ Sticks test (SST) and olfactory bulbs volumetry (OBV). There were significant decreases in SST threshold, discrimination, identification and TDI variables in TDPD patients compared to ET and HCS. ET patients showed significant decrease in the same variables compared to HCS. Regarding OBV, there were significant decreases in TDPD patients compared to ET and HCS with nonsignificant difference between the 2-latter groups. Our results showed that TDI score of 25 can differentiate between TDPD and ET patients with sensitivity and specificity (94 %, 91 %) respectively. Olfactory assessment is a rapid, safe, and easily applicable biomarker that could differentiate TDPD from ET in doubtful cases.