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Plant oils have been applied for numerous purposes. Developing the composition of oils through nanotechnology has become a requirement, whether from a medical or industrial point of view. In this study, nanoemulsions (NEs) of olive and peanut oils were evaluated. GC-MS was used to determine the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contents in both oils. Based on the area %, cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (54.0%), myristic acid (30.7%), and arachidonic acid (23.1%) were the greatest constituents in peanut oil, while arachidonic acid (23.2%), cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (22.7%), and cis-11-eicosenoic acid (11.4%) were the greatest constituents in olive oil. TEM examination indicated that the diameter of peanut oil NEs (14.6 nm) was less than that of olive oil NEs (24.5 nm). Olive oil and its NEs exhibited more antioxidant activity than peanut oil and its NEs had IC50 values of 158.6, 102.5, 435.1, and 291.5 µg/mL, respectively. Negligible hemolysis was observed using olive oil, unlike peanut oil, while hemolysis based olive oil NEs was increased compared with hemolysis based peanut oil NEs, particularly at high concentrations of 600 to 1000 µg/mL. Molecular docking investigation offered the structure–activity correlation and binding modes of cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid with Salmonella typhi (5ZXM) enzymes.

The microconstituents of Ganoderma lucidum biomass (GLB) were evaluated, along with its antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- and n-hexadecanoic acid with area% values of 21.0% and 11.0% were recognized in GLB. Uncooked biomass (UCB) and microwave-cooked (CE) biomass of G. lucidum caused a significant inhibition of human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation was 27.22 ± 1.64% using 16 µg/mL of CB while it was 52.29 ± 1.09% using 16 µg/mL of UCB. The cytotoxicity test recorded low IC50 (25.63 ± 0.52 µg/mL) of UCE compared to the IC50 value (49.99 ± 0.94 µg/mL) of CB. Highest antimicrobial activities were recorded via using UCE, compared to CE against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- and n-hexadecanoic acid were able to induce both anticancer and antibiotic-resistant properties. A key therapeutic target enzyme for evolving this resistant pathogenic activity on MCF-7 and K. pneumonia, was accessed thoroughly in silico study. The compounds described, therefore, might provide a great potential for the development of new therapeutics such as anticancer and antimicrobial agents.

The biological properties of plant oils are improved by their conversion to nanoemulsions (NEs). This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-hemolytic efficacy of coconut and salad rocket oils and their NEs. The result of the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the oils showed varied constituents such as palmitic acid, trimethylsilyl ester; 2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl laurate in salad rocket oil, 2-lauro-1,3-didecoin, n-butyl laurate; laurin, tri-; laurin in coconut oil. NEs diameter of salad rocket and coconut oils was 24.6 and 29.2 nm, respectively. More inhibitory activity of NEs compared with non-NEs form against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus was detected. Coconut oil and its NEs caused 14.3% (anti-hemolysis 85.7%) and 22% hemolysis (anti-hemolysis 78%), respectively. Salad rocket oil and its NEs caused hemolysis 3.4% and 20.9%, respectively at 1000 µg/mL. Antioxidant activity of salad rocket and coconut oil reflected more IC50 (39.3 and 109.4 µg/mL) than its NEs (35.8 and 80.5 µg/mL), respectively. Molecular docking of trimethylsilyl ester and 2-lauro-1,3-didecoin against S. aureus (PDB=7BGE) and C. albicans protein (PDB=3DRA) revealed optimal binding mode that had the most energy interaction with the binding sites.

Despite advances in early detection and therapy, cancer still is a significant health challenge with the highest priority for investigation. Breast cancer represents the most common cancerous disease among women in the world. The study’s purpose is to estimate the cytotoxic activity of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus extract (PE), chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs), and PE loaded with ChNPs (PELChNPs), as well as to identify the molecular docking of the cytotoxicity of methyl gallate (MG) as a main component of the PE against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of PE exhibited the existence of various phenolic and flavonoid compounds such as MG, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperetin, naringenin, rutin, and cinnamic acid. The proliferation of the MCF-7 cell line was inhibited at 1, 3.9, and 62.50 µg/mL of PELChNPs, PE, and ChNPs, respectively. PELChNPs were more effective against the MCF-7 cell line than PE, particularly at low concentrations. For instance, at 7.8 µg/mL of PELChNPs and PE, the inhibitory % of MCF-7 proliferation was 20.59±1.75% and 8.57±0.59%, respectively. At 15.6 µg/mL of PELChNPs and PE, the inhibitory % of MCF-7 proliferation was 51.37±1.09% and 25.18±1.64%, respectively. While there is slight difference in the inhibition % of MCF-7 cells (98.64±0.21 and 97.22±0.16%) at high concentration 500 µg/mL of PELChNPs and PE, respectively. IC 50 was 15.25 ± 0.54 µg/mL, 46.27 ± 1.94 µg/mL, and 337.38 ± 13.68 µg/mL against MCF-7 cell line of PELChNPs, PE, and ChNPs, respectively. The value of IC 50 documented the efficacy of PELChNPs compared with the IC 50 (5.91 ± 0.43 µg/mL) of Vinblastine sulfate. Noticeable distortions were observed in the MCF-7 cell line mainly treated with PELChNPs, followed by PE alone. While ChNPs exhibited less effect on the morphology of the MCF-7 cell line. Antioxidant activity of ChNPs, PE, and PELChNPs was evaluated compared with Trolox, which reflected IC 50  = 118.33 ± 4.02, 85.63 ± 3.96, 36.80 ± 2.52 and 24.74 ± 0.45 µg/mL. Methyl gallate binding interactions were assessed using molecular docking with the MOE-Dock tool against the target crystal structures of Breast cancer cell line 3HB5. The results shed light on how molecular modeling techniques can inhibit methyl gallate with possible uses in treating breast cancer.

Recently, algae have attracted the attention of investigators as a renewable source of compounds that can contribute to nanoparticle creation. The use algae biomass to facilitate preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), as well as their application, were the aims of the present study. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of algal biomass indicated the presence of daidzein (2550 µg/mL), followed by ellagic acid (596 µg/mL). Algal biomass extract was successful as a bio-reducing agent for CuONPs fabrication at different temperatures up to 50 °C. Transmission electron microscopy characterized the created CuONPs with average size 5 to 17 nm. The colony radius of M. anisopliae, T. harzianum, C. lunata, F. oxysporium, A. flavus, and A. terreus was 1.84 ± 0.08, 1.97 ± 0.03, 1.00 ± 0.08, 2.04 ± 0.03, 2.32 ± 0.06, and 2.42 ± 0.05 cm, respectively at 200 mg of CuONPs. CuONPs exhibited inhibition zones of 26, 23, 25, and 22 mm when tested against B. subtilis, E.coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, respectively. Methyl orange and methyl green dyes were degraded by CuONPs with percentages ranging from 9.5 to 63.7% and from 22.3 to 75.7% at 15 to 90 min, respectively. Therefore, the created CuONPs can be regarded as excellent candidates for controlling fungal/bacterial development and dyes degradation.

Mushroom products have been used as a biotechnological tool for many applications. Particularly, thermostable chitinase plays a vital role in biowaste management and biological control. In the present investigation, Amanita sp. was recorded in the subtropical region of Saudi Arabia, therefore, it was utilized for chitinase production using substrates chitin and dead fungal mycelia (DFM). Compared with the DFM, chitin was more suitable for chitinase activity at different temperatures and pH. Amanita sp. produced chitinase up to 70 °C, but the optimum was 50 °C. The chitinase activity was 4.98, 3.5, and 0.9 U.mg-1 with the use of chitin, while it was 4.6, 3.1, and 0.6 U.mg-1 with the use of DFM at 50, 60, and 70 °C, respectively. Chitinase activity was stable up to 60 °C, then it began to decrease at 70 °C. The chitinase activity was better at pH 4 and 5 than pH 8 and 9. The antifungal effect of the produced chitinase at 50 °C was more effective than at 60 °C. For instance, the Alternaria alternata colony radius was 3.50 cm and 2.26 cm at 50 °C while it was 4.35 cm and 4.13 cm at 60 °C when using DFM and chitin, respectively.

Spirulina platensis has roles in biotechnological product advancement due to its safety for humans and animals. Analysis of S. platensis extract by high-performance liquid chromatography reflected the presence of 14 phenolic and flavonoid compounds with different concentrations such as ellagic acid (333 µg/g), gallic acid (294 µg/g), methyl gallate (147 µg/g), naringenin (144 µg/g), and chlorogenic acid (142 µg/g). The isolated Aspergillus flavus from silage of maize was tested to evaluate the effect of S. platensis extract on aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 production. The treated silage with S. platensis extract showed the presence of 37±0.33 ppb, 0.59±0.16 ppb, 0.26±0.22 ppb, and 0.21±0.18 ppb compared to un-treated silage that showed 3.14±0.15 ppb, 0.81±0.08 ppb, 0.46±0.05 ppb, and 0.26±0.23 ppb aflatoxins of B1, B2, G1, and G2. These results were shown on the 10th day of incubation. On the 15th day of incubation, the treated silage showed less mycotoxins than un-treated silage. At different incubation periods, glucosamine was estimated as a growth development biomarker. The content of glucosamine was inhibited as a result of the effect of S. platensis extract on fungus growth with 53.71%, 49.19%, 47.84%, 38.47%, and 35.72% inhibition on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th day.

Fungal spoilage of bread can be a great problem; however, it can be explored as a producer of enzymes. The fungi were isolated from breads, and their activity for α-amylase production was planned. The results identified nine fungi on spoiled breads. Aspergillus fumigatus occurred with 85% frequency, followed by other isolates. Starch yeast (SY), white flour (WF), and black flour (BF) were applied as substrates for α-amylase activity using fungal isolates. The SY was the best, followed by WF and BF for α-amylase activity. Using SY, A. niger showed the greatest potency for α-amylase (7.67 U/mL) unlike Monilia sitophila, which reflected low α-amylase activity (2.69 U/mL). Using WF, A. fumigatus reflected high amylase activity (5.76 U/mL) while A. niger, A. terreus, and Penicillium expansum showed less activity (5.12 U/mL, 4.41 U/mL, and 3.56 U/mL, respectively). The temperature 30 °C and pH 6 were the optimum for α-amylase activity by A. niger, A. fumigatus, and P. chrysogenum, using the three media, but α-amylase activity of A. fumigatus at 40 °C was higher than at 20 °C. At the ninth day of incubation, the maximum α-amylase activity was reported using SY, while at the twelfth day, maximum activity was reported using WF and BF.

This study was conducted to examine the ameliorative effects of foliar application of some micro-algal (Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis) and some medicinal plant leaves (Salix alba, Psidium guajava, and Olea europaea) extracts on Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean) under salinity stress. On a loamy soil, a pots trial was carried out on bean plants grown under salinity stress. Growth characteristics, pigments, osmolytes, total phenol, and antioxidant enzyme contents were determined. S. platensis extract application showed the greatest improvement in shoot length and fresh weight of shoot, which rose 23.5% and 65.1%, respectively compared to the control. The utilized bio-stimulants, particularly S. platensis extracts, remarkably increased the chlorophyll content compared to the control under salinity stress. The photosynthetic pigment, soluble sugars, and soluble protein levels were strengthened by foliar application of bio-stimulant extract. Proline and antioxidant enzyme levels are significantly reduced using algal and plant extracts treatment. These findings support the treatment’s increased contribution to reducing salt stress and their detrimental effects on bean plants.The findings of this study indicate that the use of these biostimulants, especially S. alba, P. guajava, and O. europaea leaf extracts can be considered as an unconventional, ecofriendly, and novel tool in the mitigation of salinity stress.

Chitinolytic activity and antibiosis are gaining prominence in various biotechnological fields. Dead fungal biomass (DFB) was used as a mycostimulator of chitinase production and antibiosis by Aspergillus fumigatus. The presence of DFB stimulated the synthesis of various secondary metabolites by A. fumigatus that were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis such as 6,8-Di-C-á-glucosylluteolin; bistrimethylsilyl N-acetyl eicosasphinga-4,11-dienine; curan-17-oic acid, 19,20-dihydroxy-, methyl ester, (19S)-; spiro[5à-androstane-3,2′-thiazolidine; retinal; Androsta-1,4-dien-3-one; Panaxydol; Costunolide; Cyclo-(glycyl-L-tyrosyl); and 2-amino ethane thiolsulfuric acid. Chitinase activity was 42.9 Units/mL with the presence DFB, where it was 10.3 Units/mL without DFB. The maximum activity of chitinase was observed at 1.5 g of dead fungal biomass, at 4 h, 50 °C and pH 6. Thermodynamic properties showed ∆H° and ∆S° values of 126 KJ mol-1 and 432 J mol-1 K-1, respectively, indicating an endothermic reaction up to 60 °C. Deviation in ∆G° values confirmed that the reaction at 10 to 20 °C is a nonspontaneous reaction, and at 30 to 60 °C the reaction has a spontaneous nature. DFB encouraged the antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor circinelloides, and Candida albicans with 2.3, 2.2, 2.8, 0.8, 0.7, and 2.2 mm inhibition zones, respectively.