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Due to excessive use of synthetic pesticides the pest resistance developed along with pesticide residues accumulation in crops. Therefore, many nations are switching from chemical-based agriculture to “green” agriculture for pest control. The destructive pest black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous species that economically lead to extensive loss of a broad range of crops including corn, cotton, wheat, and many vegetables through the damage of foliar and roots. In this study, lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) was subjected to nano-formulation using polyethylene glycol as nanocarrier. The lethal activity of LPEO and its nano-form (LPEO-NPs) were tested against A. ipsilon second larval instar using feeding bioassay at different concentrations. Growth and developmental parameters, including larval and pupal duration, larval and pupal mortality, malformations % and adult emergence were evaluated. Results showed that LPEO exhibited insecticidal activity and causes different levels of effects on the development of A. ipsilon according to its concentration and formulation. In addition, at 75 mg/ml LPEO and LPEO-NPs significantly increased the larval mortality to 80.00% and 90.00%, respectively. The overall data revealed that insecticidal toxicity of LPEO was increased by nano-formulation.

This review provides an overview on the fate and behavior of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in agricultural environments. The study focuses on four key aspects: adsorption and leaching of imidacloprid in soil, degradation and hydrolysis of imidacloprid in soil and water, uptake and persistence of imidacloprid in plants, and volatilization of imidacloprid to the atmosphere. The review presents the latest findings from research on each of these topics. While imidacloprid is highly effective at controlling pests, it is also known to persist in the environment, posing risks to non-target organisms such as bees, birds, and aquatic life. Moreover, there is increasing concern about its potential to accumulate in the soil and water systems, which may have long-term effects on the ecosystem. The review suggests that better understanding of the behavior and fate of imidacloprid in agricultural environments is essential for developing effective strategies to minimize its environmental impact. Graphical abstract

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most severe pests of date palms. The study aimed to evaluate the virulence of fungal spores and silver Nano-particles from entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) on R . ferrugineus under laboratory conditions. Concentrations of the fungal spores and the silver Nano-particles were prepared from Metarhizium anisopliae , Beauveria bassiana , and Verticillium lecanii . The results showed that the 3 EPF achieved 70–90% mortality rates within 7 days in egg stage. M . anisopliae and B . bassiana were the most effective ones. The isolate V . lecanii was tested on eggs, larvae, and adults. Spores of M . anisopliae increased eggs’ mortality and reduced their hatchability. The egg mortality rate was 80% higher than the control. Seventy-percent adult mortality rate was achieved in 7 days, when treated with M . anisopliae , 60% with B . bassiana , and 53% with V . lecanii . M . anisopliae was more effective on R . ferrugineus than B . bassiana .

Background Postoperative inguinal hernia (IH) is a non-negligible sequelae with a wide array of rates after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). Our aim was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of postoperative IH development in men undergoing RALP. Methods A retrospective analysis of 839 patients “541 of conventional-RALP (C-RALP), and 298 of Retzius sparing-RALP (RS-RALP)” received treatment of prostate cancer between 2005 and 2016 and met with our inclusion criteria was performed. Primary endpoint was incidence of IH after RALP, while secondary endpoint was to assess risk factors of IH occurrence. Results Overall incidence of postoperative IH was 6.3% (53 out of 839). Mean follow-up period and median time of IH development were 24.1 and 14.0 months, respectively. Among patients who developed IH, there was a higher incidence in C-RALP compared to RS-RALP, (79.2 vs 20.8%, respectively, P  = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that BMI group (HR 0.471, P  = 0.023) and C-RALP (HR 2.834, P  = 0.002) were significant predictors of IH development. Kaplan–Meier curve showed that 3-year IH-disease progression free rate was significantly higher after RS-RALP compared to C-RALP (94.2 vs 71.6%, respectively, P  < 0.001), likewise in obese versus non-obese patients (87.7 vs 76.6%, respectively, P  < 0.003). Conclusion Our study showed that overall incidence of IH was 6.3% after RALP. Nevertheless, RS-RALP carries a lower incidence of IH after surgery, while C-RALP and low BMI are predictors of IH development.

ABSTRACT Sugar beet contains about 15-20% sugar is considered a very important economic crop which produces the sugar in all worlds and also in Egypt. The sugar beet fly, Pegomya mixta Vill. belongs to (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), causing a damage to sugar beet crop plantations causing a blotch or \"blister\". Metarhizium anisopliae is entomopathogenic fungus produce toxin called Destruxin (DEX). This toxin could to paralysis the insects, also cause pests death. Destruxin 760and Destruxin A-724 examined in the laboratory by six concentrations. the lethal concentration LC50 was 76 and 141 ppm when sugar beet fly, P. mixta was treated by Destruxin- 760and Destruxin A-724, respectively. After the Destruxin A-760 and Destruxin A-724 applied on P. mixta, the number of eggs was significantly decreased by 29.8 and 1.1% fold. Destruxin-724 caused higher malformations to sugar beet fly, P. mixta the toxin Destruxin-760 caused a reduced of the target insects. Under field conditions, sugar beet weight recorded 2497±93.19 and 2799±58.98 kg/ 4200 m2 in plots treated with Destruxin 760 during seasons 2018 and 2019 respectively. Also the sugar beet weight increased after Destruxin -724 increased to 2415± 53.66 and 2625±68.91 Kg/fed. during seasons 2018 and 2019 , respectively as compared to 1680±65.43,1680±65.43 and 1120±85.09, 1120±85.09 kg/ feddan among the plots treated with water during the two successive season (2018 & 2019), respectively. use of M. anisopliae isolated toxin of Destruxin A-760, Destruxin - A-724 effect on the sugar beet fly, P. mixta larvae, pupae and adults in the laboratory. They also tested in the field and results obtained reduced the P. mixta numbers in the field.

This concise review provides an overview of some synthetic methods utilized for the preparation of 4(3H)-quinazolinone and benzotriazepine derivatives, and explores their diverse biological activities. The review highlights the significance of these compounds in medicinal chemistry and discusses selected synthetic approaches employed in their synthesis. Additionally, it examines the range of biological activities exhibited by these derivatives and briefly discusses their potential applications. This succinct review serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4(3H)-quinazolinone and benzotriazepine derivatives.

Twenty-six species of aquatic hyphomycetes were isolated from woody sources (unidentified wood segments, leaf skeletons and neck of leaves and bark) in the North River Nile (Delta region). Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora crassa, Flagellaspora penicillioides, Lunulospra curvula, Tetracladium marchalianum and Triscelophorus monosporus were the most common species. Temperature was the highest physico-chemical parameter affecting the aquatic hyphomycetes occurrence. Twelve species of hyphomycetes, isolated from woody substrates, were screened for their ability to produce extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes on solid media. The enzymes tested included: endoglucanase, endoxylanase, beta-glucosidase, laccase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, tyrosinase and beta-xylosidase. Three species, A. acuminata, F. penicillioides, T. monosporus, were positive for all tested enzymes. Also, A. longissima was positive for all enzymes except lignin-peroxidase. The ability to produce cellulase was 100% for all species while only, four species were positive for lignin-peroxidase. The ability of the species to produce other lignocellulotic enzyme ranged from 50% to 83%. Freshwater hyphomycetes have been shown to produce a rich array of enzymes able to degrade the polysaccharides of plant debris.

Fifty-eight fungal species related to twenty-six genera of Perenosporales and Saprolegniales (32 species, 7 genera, 671 colonies) and aquatic Hyphomycetes (26 species; 19 genera; 1038 colonies) were recovered from the surface water (zoosporic fungi) and submerged decaying leaves (aquatic Hyphomycetes) samples collected monthly (10 samples each month) during the period of experiment (18 months). The richest samples in either zoosporic fungi or aquatic Hyphomycetes were those of comparatively low or moderate temperature, high contents of organic matter and dissolved oxygen. The pH volue and the total soluble salts did not show any regular monthly variations and did not exhibit any considerable influence on fungal population. Achlya racemosa, Dictyuchus sterile (Saprolegniales) and Alatospora acuminata, Trisclophorus monosporus (aquatic Hyphomycetes) were the most prevalent species. Some fungal species showed their highest population in winter months whereas others in summer months. Moreover, some species were recovered throughout the year. One species of Saprolegniales (Isoachlya toruloides) and three species of aquatic Hyphomycetes (Exophiala jeanselmei, Flabellospora Sp. and Varicosporium delicatum) are new records to Egypt.