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Anabolic–androgenic steroids such as boldenone (BOL) are used in veterinary medicine to improve growth, food conversion in food-producing animals, and recently utilized by bodybuilders to increase muscle mass and enhance physical performance. Additionally, they have serious adverse effects on various organs, mostly the testicular tissues. In this context, the purpose of this study was to assess BOL-induced testicular damage and the potential protective benefits of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNP). Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups: Control, BOL (5 mg/kg), CeNP (100 μg/kg), and a combination of BOL and CeNP-treated groups. All of the treatments were administered intraperitoneally to the rats, twice a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and hormonal profiles were measured using standard biochemical and immunoassay techniques, as well as histopathological changes in the testicular tissue. The results showed that BOL markedly increased testicular oxidative damage as demonstrated by a drastic elevation of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA), NO levels, with a notable decline in GSH concentration, as well as SOD and CAT enzyme activity. Additionally, inflammation has also been elicited, evidenced by elevated levels of testicular proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, along with a marked decrease in serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone. Interestingly, CeNP diminished the detrimental effects of BOL on testicular tissue by reducing lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and enhancing antioxidant activity. The present findings indicated that CeNP may serve as a promising protective agent against BOL-induced reproductive damage in male rats.

Introduction: Isoproterenol (ISO) is regarded as an adrenergic non-selective β agonist. It regulates myocardial contractility and may cause damage to cardiac tissues. Alchemilla vulgaris (AV) is an herbal plant that has garnered considerable attention due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactive components. The present investigation assessed the cardioprotective potential of AV towards ISO-induced myocardial damage. Methods: Four groups of mice were utilized: control that received saline, an ISO group (85 mg/kg, S.C.), ISO + AV100, and ISO + AV200 groups (mice received 100 or 200 mg/kg AV orally along with ISO). Results and discussion: ISO induced notable cardiac damage demonstrated by clear histopathological disruption and alterations in biochemical parameters. Intriguingly, AV treatment mitigates ISO provoked oxidative stress elucidated by a substantial enhancement in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, as well as a considerable reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. In addition, notable downregulation of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, TNF-α, and RAGE) and the NF-κB/p65 pathway was observed in ISO-exposed animals following AV treatment. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic marker Bax was downregulated together with autophagy markers Beclin1 and LC3 with in ISO-exposed animals when treated with AV. Pre-treatment with AV significantly alleviated ISO-induced cardiac damage in a dose related manner, possibly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Interestingly, when AV was given at higher doses, a remarkable restoration of ISO-induced cardiac injury was revealed.

Background Sodium fluoride (F) is ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals’ and humans’ health. Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) is a microalga that contains bioactive components with a preferential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. This study aimed to assess the tenable protective role of NO and nano-gold (AuNO) extracts toward F-evoked toxicity in rats. Methods Six groups of male rats were assigned. The CTL (control) group was given distilled water; the NO group, rats were given NO extract (250 mg/kg b.w.), and AuNO group, rats received 500 mg/kg b.w of AuNO extract. Further, F group was given F (30 mg/kg b.w). NO + F group, and AuNO  +  F rats were administered with a combination of AuNO and F. Results F exposure caused noteworthy and significant oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, there is a highly significant major regulation of proinflammatory genes and proteins. Furthermore, F significantly downregulated the kidney’s aquaporins, which can be used to identify renal impairment early. F-triggered damage was considerably reduced by pretreatment with both algal extracts. Conclusions Our findings support NO supplementation as it exerts alleviating effects against F-prompted toxicity, including the restoration of AQPs expression. The effects were more pronounced with AuNO treatment, suggesting its enhanced protective potential.

Background Cisplatin (CDDP) is a widely deployed chemotherapeutic medication used to treat various solid tumors, but its clinical utility is limited by dose-dependent ovarian toxicity. Naringin (NG) and hesperidin (HD) are two naturally occurring flavonoids found in citrus fruits and have protective effects on mitochondrial function. Results The current study examined the protective effects of NG and HD on CDDP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity in granulosa cells. The cells are treated with CDDP alone or with NG or HD. CDDP reduced cell viability, ATP synthesis, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and mitochondrial complex functions in a dose-dependent pattern. It also altered mitochondrial dynamics and enhanced glycolytic activity, as exhibited by lactate levels. MMF increased, and fatty acid composition changed, resulting in a higher unsaturated/saturated ratio. PINK1 and PARKIN levels were reduced upon CDDP treatment, suggesting mitophagy disruption. Co-treatment of NG and HD enhanced complex activity, MMP, OCR, ATP generation, and cell viability. MMF was protected by NG and HD, which also stabilized fatty acids and enhanced ion permeability and mitochondrial swelling. Compared to NG, HD preserved numerous attributes more effectively and restored them almost completely. Conclusions NG and HD effectively preserve mitochondrial bioenergetics, structure, and dynamics in granulosa cells, mitigating CDDP-induced dysfunction. These findings highlight their potential as natural adjuvants to reduce ovarian toxicity and support fertility preservation in female cancer patients.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394557.].

Sodium fluoride (F) is ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals' and humans' health. Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) is a microalga that contains bioactive components with a preferential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. This study aimed to assess the tenable protective role of NO and nano-gold (AuNO) extracts toward F-evoked toxicity in rats. Six groups of male rats were assigned. The CTL (control) group was given distilled water; the NO group, rats were given NO extract (250 mg/kg b.w.), and AuNO group, rats received 500 mg/kg b.w of AuNO extract. Further, F group was given F (30 mg/kg b.w). NO + F group, and AuNO + F rats were administered with a combination of AuNO and F. F exposure caused noteworthy and significant oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, there is a highly significant major regulation of proinflammatory genes and proteins. Furthermore, F significantly downregulated the kidney's aquaporins, which can be used to identify renal impairment early. F-triggered damage was considerably reduced by pretreatment with both algal extracts. Our findings support NO supplementation as it exerts alleviating effects against F-prompted toxicity, including the restoration of AQPs expression. The effects were more pronounced with AuNO treatment, suggesting its enhanced protective potential.