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This review investigates the significant challenges of the process of livestock manure composting in cold regions and assesses the critical features related to the quality of the final compost product. Recently, the composting process has grasped more attention because of environmental pollution concerns and seeks for environmentally-sound approaches for managing livestock manure. Despite recent progress in crucial areas like the microbiology of compost, further improvement is needed in composting process monitoring. Therefore, specific obstacles related to livestock manure composting in cold regions, such as the generation and preservation of temperature, and the solution of obstacles such as inoculation of coldadapted microorganisms, and the role of biochar in prolonging the thermophilic stage of composting were reviewed. Also, the challenges were adequately addressed, and promising strategies to improve composting of livestock manure under harsh conditions were proposed. Still, there is a need for more investigation to get a better understanding of the role of microbial inoculants and biochar amendment regarding the start-up of the composting process in cold regions.

Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency is a global problem in acidic soils, limiting plant growth, development, and nutrient availability. To address this, we carried out a field study with two treatments, i.e., Mo applied (+Mo) and without Mo (−Mo) treatment to explore the effects of Mo application on crop growth and development, microbial diversity, and metabolite variations in maize and soybean cropping systems. Our results indicated that the nutrient availability (N, P, K) was higher under Mo supply leading to improved biological yield and nutrient uptake efficiency in both crops. Microbial community analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant phyla in Mo treated (+Mo) soils for both maize and soybean. Both these phyla accounted together 39.43% and 57.74% in −Mo and +Mo, respectively, in soybean rhizosphere soil, while they accounted for 44.51% and 46.64% in maize rhizosphere soil. This indicates more variations among the treatments in soybean soil compared to maize soil. At a lower taxonomic level, the diverse responses of the genera indicated the specific bacterial community adaptations to fertilization. Candidatus Koribacter and Kaistobacter were commonly significantly higher in both crops under Mo-applied conditions in both cropping systems. These taxa, sharing similar functions, could serve as potential markers for nutrient availability and soil fertility. Metabolite profiling revealed 8 and 10 significantly differential metabolites in maize and soybean, respectively, under +Mo treatment, highlighting the critical role of Mo in metabolite variation. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of Mo in shaping soil microbial diversity by altering metabolite composition, which in turn may enhance the nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, and plant performance.

True morels are precious edible and medicinal mushrooms. The sustainable development of morel cultivation necessitates urgent breeding programmes to develop improved varieties or strains. Some soil bacteria, including Pedobacter spp., are recognised as morel's beneficial microbes. In this paper, the potential beneficial bacterium Pedobacter sp. DDGJ with minor chitinolytic activity was isolated and confirmed for improving morel's mycelial growth and identified using a combination of morphological characteristics, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, and comparative genomics. Then, it was introduced into the hyphal cells of three cultivated Morchella strains (M. sextelata 13, M. eximia SM, and M. importuna Y2) through a confrontation culture method. The successful establishment of artificial endosymbiosis was confirmed by PCR assay, green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) localisation, and the cryo‐preparation system conjunction with high‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. Laboratory assay indicated that artificial endosymbiosis of the bacterium significantly enhanced morel's growth potential, resistance to allelochemicals of 4‐coumaric acid and antagonistic capability against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum and soil‐dominant fungus Chaetomium globosum. Moreover, the outdoor planting experiment showed significant increase in productivity among the endosymbiotic morel strains. The study provides an additional tool to improve Morchella strains with high yield and strong stress resistance. This study introduced Pedobacter sp. DDGJ into morel hyphal cells and determined the effect of artificial endosymbiosis on morel growth, stress resistance and productivity.

Nanoplastics and cadmium are common pollutants in agricultural systems, posing significant risks to rice. This study explored the effectiveness of biochar biofilters derived from invasive plant Mikania micrantha in mitigating the combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and cadmium on rice. The combined toxic effects of cadmium and polystyrene nanoplastics were more severe than their individual impacts. Polystyrene nanoplastics under cadmium stress adversely affected rice growth, reducing biomass by 16.46%, whereas the invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters significantly improved biomass by 84.60% and 52.59% when applied alone or together with polystyrene nanoplastics under cadmium stress, respectively. Additionally, total chlorophyll content improved by 82.09% in the MBC treatment and by 36.66% in the MBC + PS NPs treatment compared to sole cadmium stress conditions. The invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters alleviated these stress effects by reducing the cadmium translocation to roots and shoots, restoring chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, proteins, carbohydrates, preserving cellular structures, and enhancing oxidative defence through gene modulation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the polystyrene nanoplastics internalization in root cells, but biochar biofilters acted as a physical barrier, limiting their translocation. Furthermore, the invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters improved rice performance under dual stress by regulating metabolic pathways, nutrients cycle, TCA cycles and nitrogen transport. In contrast, polystyrene nanoplastics disrupted ATP-binding transporters and hormone signalling, increasing cadmium absorption and intensifying toxicity, thereby impairing growth, root development, and photosynthesis. These findings underscore the potential of invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters in mitigating the environmental impacts of cadmium and nanoplastics in agricultural systems.HighlightsPolystyrene nanoplastics were observed to internalize within rice root.Polystyrene nanoplastics acted as carriers for cadmium, facilitating the translocation of heavy metals through a synergistic interaction.The application of invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters alleviated the phytotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics under cadmium stress in rice.Invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters functioned as containers for both heavy metals and polystyrene nanoplastics, reducing their mobility and toxicity in rice.Invasive plant Mikania micrantha biochar biofilters modulated the metabolic variations and strengthened oxidative defence.

Biochar can potentially reduce heavy metals (HMs) mobility and bioavailability during composting. However, siderophores secreted by functional microbes might lead to the re-mobilization of metals like Cu and Zn. Therefore, this study intended to explore the impacts of Mikania micrantha Kunth (MM) and MM-derived biochar (MMB) in the reduction of Cu and Zn bioavailability, and siderophore-related gene abundances during composting. Compared with MM and corn straw (CS) composts, a significant decline was noticed in the extractable and reducible Cu [(2.3 mg kg−1 + 12.1 mg kg−1), and (3.3 mg kg−1 + 14.6 mg kg−1)], and Zn [(103.1 mg kg−1 + 110.1 mg kg−1), and (109.6 mg kg−1 + 117.2 mg kg−1)] in MMB and corn straw biochar (CSB) composts, respectively. Besides, the lowest relative abundance of HMs-resistant bacteria particularly Corynebacterium (0.40%), Pseudomonas (0.46%), and Enterobacter (0.47%), was noted in MMB compost. Also, a significant increase in sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis abundance (5.77%) accompanied by a reduction in the abundance of clusters related to siderophore transport, and siderophore transmembrane transporter activity was detected in MMB compost. Multivariate analysis labeled temperature, moisture content, total organic carbon, Corynebacterium, and Bacillus as the primary factors significantly correlated with the Cu and Zn bioavailability (− 0.90 ≤ r ≤ 0.90, P < 0.05). The structural equation model revealed that physicochemical parameters, microbial abundance, and siderophores exert a substantial influence on Cu and Zn bioavailability. Accordingly, MM and its derived biochar are recommended as an effective approach for accelerating Cu and Zn bioavailability reduction and managing the growth and distribution of invasive plants.Graphical AbstractBiochar enhances compost physicochemical parameters and Zn and Cu immobilization.Combined biochar and Mikania micrantha Kunth reduced Zn and Cu bioavailability.Proteobacteria is the main phylum involving metal-resistant bacteria.Mikania micrantha Kunth-related phytochemicals shape siderophore-related genes.Mikania micrantha-derived biochar is a cheap, and efficient absorption additive.

Different studies have shown that livestock manure has a high potential for fertilization in plant growth and crop yield. However, the main challenge of using animal manure as fertilizer is to increase the risk of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) pollution in soil and water. Because of their adverse effects, these compounds have gained more concern. Farmland applied with manure is considered the primary source of estrogens in the environment. To manage the pollution of EDCs, manure management approaches such as aerobic composting should be utilized to degrade and remove these pollutants. Composting has attracted attention because of its rapid reaction scale and strong degradation ability against the steroidal compounds. However, estrogen removal via traditional composting needs to be improved, as the steroidal compounds that remained in the composted manure could be quickly discharged to the environment because their biodegradation rate is lower than their discharge rate. For that reason, more advanced approaches, such as inoculation with microorganisms, should be involved. Also, applying adsorbent materials such as biochar (BC) and humic acid (HA) should be considered. In the light of the modern studies, affording an overall vision and perspectives about the fate of estrogens during composting is highly valuable. This review was designed to explore the sources, properties, occurrence, half-life, degradation, and transformation of estrogens during animal manure composting. Besides, the efficiency of estrogens degrading microorganisms and adsorbent additives was also reviewed. The eventual remarks were mentioned, and their prospects were discussed.

The less mobility of phosphorus (P) in the soil can restrict crop growth due to high soil P fixation. Previous studies have shown that the application of molybdenum (Mo) in combination with P fertilizer can enhance phosphorus uptake in plants. However, the effects of Mo on the physicochemical, biological, and molecular dynamics of rhizosphere P in maize remain mainly unexplored. A long-term field experiment with–Mo (0 kg ha − 1 ) and + Mo treatments (0.41 kg ha − 1 ) was conducted to examine the effect of Mo on the maize rhizosphere during three sampling time. The findings revealed that Mo supplementation significantly increased plant dry matter, grain yield, and the uptake of both P and Mo. Moreover, it contributed to the preservation of cellular structures, particularly maintaining the integrity of chloroplast configurations. Levels of organic matter, and microbial P turnover were greater during the vegetative stage but declined in the rhizosphere by maturity. The addition of Mo led to a significant increase in easily accessible P components, NaHCO 3 -Pi (ranging from 100.13 to 114.61 and 51.24 to 60.90 mg kg − 1 ) and H 2 O-Pi (ranging from 11.20 to 17.57 and 4.6 to 7.33 mg kg − 1 ) in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, respectively. In the rhizosphere soil that received Mo supplementation, acid phosphatase activity peaked in March at 24.24 µmol day − 1 g − 1 , surpassing the activities of alkaline phosphatase and phytase. On the other hand, the lowest enzyme activity was recorded in the non-rhizosphere soil of -Mo treatment. Additionally, the phoN gene, responsible for encoding acid phosphatase, exhibited the highest expression level in the rhizosphere soil of the + Mo treatment compared to other P enzymes. In contrast, the BPP gene, associated with the phytase enzyme, showed the lowest expression level in the non-rhizosphere soil of the Mo deficient treatment. This suggests that higher gene expression levels correspond to increased P enzymatic activities. These results imply that Mo could enhance the P bioavailability and uptake by altering the dynamics of P fractions, regulating the P enzymes activities and their genetic expression, and maintaining leaf anatomy and ultrastructure.