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Oxidative desulfurization technology is of interest due to its high efficiency in sulfur removal and mild conditions. The aim of this study is to synthesize a heteropolyacid-based ionic liquids for the removal of benzothiophene compound from model fuel under relatively mild conditions with high efficiency. The catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, TGA, EDX. Among the studied catalysts, [CMDMAPy] 3 PW 12 O 40 emerged as the most effective catalyst. With optimized catalyst for the removal of less active BT, using 0.04 g of catalyst, O/S ratio of 8, temperature of 70 °C and 1.5 mL of CH 3 CN, removal of 99% of benzothiophene was achieved within 2.5 h. The catalyst exhibits good amphiphilic activity. Which can be attributed to active sites. The reaction results show that the polyoxometalate and carboxylic acid groups have significant effects on the catalytic activity, which can improve the efficiency of ODS. Radical scavenger analysis results indicate that the synergistic effect proceeds from the O 2 •− radical pathway. EDX analysis and characterization of the recovered catalyst do not show significant leaching of the catalytic active component.

Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the life-threatening coronary-associated pathologies characterized by sudden cardiac death. The provision of complete insight into MI complications along with designing a preventive program against MI seems necessary. Methods Various databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Embase, and Google scholar search engine) were hired for comprehensive searching. The keywords of “Prevalence”, “Outbreak”, “Burden”, “Myocardial Infarction”, “Myocardial Infarct”, and “Heart Attack” were hired with no time/language restrictions. Collected data were imported into the information management software (EndNote v.8x). Also, citations of all relevant articles were screened manually. The search was updated on 2022.9.13 prior to the publication. Results Twenty-two eligible studies with a sample size of 2,982,6717 individuals (< 60 years) were included for data analysis. The global prevalence of MI in individuals < 60 years was found 3.8%. Also, following the assessment of 20 eligible investigations with a sample size of 5,071,185 individuals (> 60 years), this value was detected at 9.5%. Conclusion Due to the accelerated rate of MI prevalence in older ages, precise attention by patients regarding the complications of MI seems critical. Thus, determination of preventive planning along with the application of safe treatment methods is critical.

Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common disorder among the geriatric population (GP). MCI induces adverse effects on life quality by disrupting of natural aging process, daily activities, and memory. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the global prevalence of MCI in GP with an emphasis on associated influential factors. Methods Electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, WoS, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were systematically searched (by November 2024) using the MeSH-based keywords. Collected references were imported into the Citation Management Software of EndNote (v.8) for duplicate detection. Paper screenings and quality assessments were applied based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, eligible papers were gathered and data analysis was performed using CMA software (v.2). Results In the review of 51 eligible studies ( n  = 287,689 elderly individuals), the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population was found 23.7% (95%CI:18.6–29.6). According to the meta-regression analysis, following the increase in sample size and year of paper publication, the mild cognitive impairment index decreased and increased, respectively. Besides, age, educational level, and depression status were considered the most critical influential factors of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population. Conclusion According to the relatively high prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population, determination of proper health strategies seems necessary for diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment along with awareness and management of associated consequences in geriatric population. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Background Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is associated with serious and irreversible maternal and fetal detrimental consequences. Also, different seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnancy is reported in many countries. The present systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to determine the global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women. Methods This study was conducted based on the PRISMA 2020 criteria. Initial searching was conducted using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)-based keywords with no time limitation (by August 1, 2024). Collected papers were transferred to Citation Management Software (EndNote). Duplicate studies were merged and primary and secondary screenings were applied based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Validation was considered to find high-quality assessments. Finally, eligible extractable papers were enrolled for data collection. Data was analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (v.2) The random effects model was used in case of I 2 index above 50%.In order to investigate the factors affecting the heterogeneity of studies, meta-regression tests were used to examine factors such as sample size and year of study. Results One hundred thirty-eight eligible studies with a total sample size of 135,098 pregnant women individuals were selected for data extraction and analysis. The heterogeneity index was found high (I 2 :98.9) and the random effect model was used for analysis. The egger test revealed the absence of publication bias in collected studies (p:0.088). Thus, the global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women was reported at 36.6% (95%CI:33.7–39.6). the highest prevalence reported based on meta-analysis was reported in South America with 52.8% (95% CI:46.6–59), while only 15 studies were reviewed in this continent, most of which were in Brazil. Therefore, after the continent, the highest prevalence reported was reported in Africa with 46.8% (95% CI:39.5–54.3). Also, the lowest prevalence reported based on meta-analysis was in North America with 19.7% (95% CI:8.4–39.6) and Europe with 24.6% (95% CI:17.8–32.9). Conclusion This study revealed a high level of seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women worldwide. This value mostly depends on the individual's age, lifestyle, and disease awareness regarding toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. Thus, public awareness, along with comprehensive health programs regarding the detrimental effects of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, seems necessary for prevention or even early diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women.

Background Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major cause of dose reduction, drug modification, or drug discontinuation in cancer patients which negatively impacts the overall well-being of cancer patients and medication procedures. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigation aimed to determine the global prevalence of CIPN in cancer patients. Methods Various scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) were systematically searched (by July 2023) for published studies reporting the CIPN prevalence. Meta-analysis was applied based on the Random Effect model and subgrouping was considered using the CIPN scales. Also, the heterogeneity was assessed based on the I 2 index. Results Following the assessment of 49 eligible studies (n:33,667 participants), the overall CIPN prevalence was reported 51.9% (95% CI: 45-58.7). According to the Composite Scales tool, the highest CIPN prevalence was 69.6% (95%CI: 50–84). Conclusion The prevalence of CIPN in cancer patients was found at a high level. According to the high number of cancer survivors, the integration of necessary clinical strategies for screening, prevention, and treatment of CIPN into consistent clinical guidelines is strictly recommended. Probably these guidelines can reduce the CIPN occurrence and cancer treatment costs. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Blood vessel development is one of the most prominent steps in regenerative medicine due tothe restoration of blood flow to the ischemic tissues and providing the rapid vascularizationin clinical-sized tissue-engineered grafts. However, currently tissue engineering technique isrestricted because of the inadequate in vitro/in vivo tissue vascularization. Some challenges likeas transportation in large scale, distribution of the nutrients and poor oxygen diffusion limit theprogression of vessels in smaller than clinically relevant dimensions as well in vivo integration.In this regard, the scholars attempted to promote the vascularization process relied on the stemcells (SCs), growth factors as well as exosomes and interactions of biomaterials with all of themto enable the emergence of ideal microenvironment which is needed for treatment of unhealthyorgans or tissue regeneration and formation of new blood vessels. Thus, in the present reviewwe aim to describe these approaches, advances, obstacles and opportunities as well as theirapplication in regeneration of heart as a prominent angiogenesis-dependent organ.

Background The global prevalence of myopia among children has considerably increased over the past few decades, affecting the children’s eye health and quality of life. According to the inconsistent reports of myopia among children, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis study was to determine the global prevalence of myopia in children using digital devices. Methods Various databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched systematically (No time limit until September 2023, last updated in May 2024) using keywords of “Myopia Prevalence”, “Children”, “TV”, “Computer”, “Video games”, and “Smartphone”. PRISMA guideline was also used for paper collection based on the Inclusion/Exclusion criteria. The quality of articles was determined based on the STROBE checklist. Data analysis, heterogeneity assessment, publication bias, and all factors influencing heterogeneity were executed using the CMA software (v.2). Results Initially, 828 articles were identified through database assessment. 563 and 133 papers were evaluated using primary and secondary assessments, respectively. Ultimately, 17 eligible articles were selected for meta-analysis following paper exclusion. In this era, the global prevalence of myopia among children using computer and video games was reported 28.8% (95%CI:21.1–38), using TV (TV watching) was 35.4% (95%CI:20.6–53.7), and smartphone usage was 31.4% (95%CI:13.5–57.3). Conclusion Myopia is now recognized as a critical global issue with a daily increasing rate. Technology, along with various digital devices, causes several issues in this era. It is suggested that the application of all digital screens and smart devices can potentially increase the risk of myopia among children. Thus, the reduction of these smart device applications in children can alleviate the potential risk of myopia. The results of this study can be a guide for health policymakers and a useful advertisement for society and families in paying attention to this problem in children, as well as increasing health interventions such as early screening and timely diagnosis for treatment. In this regard, it can be effective in both prevention and increasing the quality of life of children.

Mercuric chloride (MC) is a complex substance which is capable to produce free radicals. Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera (MEPD) is a flowering plant of palm family with potent antioxidant feature. Due to the increasing use of herbs in medicine, this study was designed to assess the effects of MEPD and MC on inflammatory apoptogenic, oxidative and histomorphometric alterations in liver. Sixty-four male rats were assigned to 8 groups including: control groups (normal group and MC (50 mg/kg)), MEPD groups (30, 90, 270 mg/kg) and MC + MEPD treated groups. All experimental groups were treated intraperitoneally and orally daily for 5 weeks. The relative expression level of apoptotic genes ( p53 , Bcl2 and Bax ) and hepatocyte apoptotic index were analyzed. Also, Nitrite oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LP), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assays were conducted to assess the antioxidant levels. Cytokines involved in inflammation, hepatic enzymes and histomorphometric parameters (hepatocytes diameter (HD) and central hepatic vein (CHV)) were evaluated. All factors showed incremental trends following MC administration (else FRAP level and Bcl2 , which were decreased) in MC group than normal group ( P  < 0.05). In comparison with the MC group, total values in MEPD and MEPD + MC groups were decreased ( P  < 0.05) (except FRAP level and Bcl2 , which were increased). According to the obtained data, the administration of MEPD extract has potent antioxidant property that attenuates the destructive hepatic effects of MC by initiation of cellular antioxidant pathways and restoration of pathological changes into the physiological form.

Background & objectives: Various studies have suggested a correlation between Fas cell surface death receptor/Fas ligand (FAS/FASL) variants and multiple types of cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the association between FAS-670A/G and FASL-844C/T and the synergistic effects of both variants on the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in the Kurdish population of west of Iran. Methods: This study was conducted by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique using MvaI and BsrDI restriction enzymes in 98 GC patients and 103 healthy control individuals. Results: According to the obtained results, a significant association (P=0.008) of FASL polymorphism among GC patients and the control group was detected. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the FAS polymorphism frequencies between GC patients and the control group. Codominant and dominant models in FASL polymorphism showed significant protective effects against GC [odds ratio (OR)=0.307, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.134-0.705), P=0.005; OR=0.205, 95% CI (0.058-0.718), P=0.013 and OR=0.295, 95% CI (0.129-0.673), P=0.004 for models of codominant CC vs. CT, codominant CC vs. TT and dominant, respectively]. Furthermore, the presence of both FAS-670G and FASL-844T alleles represented a significant protective effect against GC occurrence [OR=0.420, 95% CI (0.181-0.975), P=0.043]. Interpretation & conclusions: So far, we believe this is the first study, the results of which suggest that FASL gene variation and its synergistic effects with FAS gene could be associated with the risk of GC in the Kurdish population in the west of Iran.

Background Single-child families represent an expanded phenomenon in recent years due to prevailing socio-economic challenges. The single childbirth phenomenon can potentially cause negative population growth and undesirable effects on families. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence (percent) of single-child families with an emphasis on interfering associated factors. Methods For paper collection, valid databases of PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine were systematically searched. All relevant studies were transferred to EndNote software (v.8) for duplicate detection. Primary and secondary screenings were applied and eligible studies enrolled for meta-analysis (CMA v.2). In this regard, the random effect model was employed and the I² index was used for heterogeneity assessment. Results Following the examination of 33 studies, the prevalence (percent) of single-child families was found 41.3% (95% CI:33.1–49.9%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that following the acceleration in sample size and year of paper publication, the prevalence (percent) of single-child family increases and decreases ( p  < 0.05). Additionally, various influential factors effective on single-child families were listed as income status, financial difficulties, religious beliefs, educational level, and employment status. Conclusion According to the relatively high prevalence (percent) of single-child families and the influential impacts on families and communities, the findings of this study can provide valuable insights for policymakers to design appropriate policies and achieve demographic balance.