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Inconel 718 is extensively used in various industrial applications; however, its susceptibility to corrosion in aggressive environments remains a significant concern. In this study, Stellite 6, a cobalt-based alloy known for its excellent wear and corrosion resistance, was deposited onto Inconel 718 using the plasma spray coating technique. The coated material is characterized through SEM and EDS. Through SEM surface morphology, coating uniformity, and microstructural features are investigated. To evaluate corrosion behavior, potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted in chloride-rich environments, namely 3.5 wt% NaCl and 1 M HCl solution, simulating extreme industrial conditions. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated a marked improvement in the corrosion resistance of the substrate following Stellite 6 coating, relative to the uncoated material. The superior performance of the coating is based on its dense microstructure and chemical stability, acting as a good barrier against corrosive media, minimizing localized attack, and reducing material degradation. The results indicate that plasma-sprayed Stellite 6 coatings could be an excellent solution for increasing the life of Inconel parts in corrosive service environments.

The oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) natural fibres were comprehensively reviewed to assess their potential as reinforcing materials in polymer composites for energy absorption during low-velocity impact. The typical oil palm wastes include trunks, fronds, kernel shells, and empty fruit bunches. This has a tendency to burden the industry players with disposal difficulties and escalates the operating cost. Thus, there are several initiatives have been employed to convert these wastes into value added products. The objective of this study is to review the potential of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as natural fibre polymer composite reinforcement to absorb the energy during low-velocity impact as another option for value added products. Initially, this paper reviewed the local oil palm waste issues. Previous research works on OPEFB polymer composite, and their mechanical characterization is appraised. Their potential for energy absorption in low-velocity impact application was also elaborated. The review suggests high potential applications of OPEFB as reinforcing materials in composite structures. Furthermore, it is wisely to utilize the oil palm biomass waste into a beneficial composite, hence, promotes the green environment.

s Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is very prevalent in the field of orthopaedics, particularly in sports. Different parameters can be used to forecast an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACLR) patient's health condition. The aim of this research is to use Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) methodology to identify useful biomechanical variables from multivariate parameters through Kanri Distance Calculator (KDC). This study analyzed biomechanical variables based on the knee flexion and extension moment and peak vertical ground reaction force from kinetic parameters; phase swing / stance, step and step length and gait velocity from spatial temporal parameter; range of motion from kinetic parameters. This experiment engaged 15 healthy subjects and 10 ACL reconstructed patients. Then, by optimizing the KDC, the 9 attributes are reduced to 7, which are knee flexion and extension moment, speed, step length and stance / swing phase. Key attributes such as swing time and moment of knee flexion are identified as optimal variables of impact in the population. KDC extends our understanding to the correlation of characteristics and enables individual diagnosis to be performed. Then the suitable rehabilitation protocol can be objectively suggested for quicker recovery to specific subjects.

The effect of moisture, water absorption on a single short span beam of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) was examined under room temperature, 27°c. The aim of the study is to investigate the mechanical properties of composite under wet condition. The composite were cut into rectangular shape with a dimension of 78 mm long, 26 mm width and 3.5 mm depth. The moisture content of eight specimens was experimentally reduced as the glass fiber content increased. In this investigation, the flexural strength and modulus of composites were determined throughout the three-point bending test. The specimens were rigged up horizontally as supported beams and loaded vertically at the geometric center. Thus, the results were developed into loading versus deflection and relationship for each specimen. The samples were considered to have failed when the curves were in steady decline section. Failure mechanisms were observed in categories; face yield, core yield and fiber tear.

In the previous study, only pith part had been attracted to be investigated by researcher eventhough cortex had a high percentage content in the Napier grass stems (NG). Hence, further studied can help to achieve the aim of maximizing the use of NG stems by using cortex and pith in manufacturing biopolymers. For this purpose, the thermal,chemical, morphological characterization of cortex and pith of NG stems had been explore. The results of TGA, FTIR, microscope, and SEM had shown the difference in the cortex and pith of NG stems. Although their peak absorption value appear to be different, the group involved in pith still present in the cortex. The cortex showed a high decomposed percentage which was 93.79 % compared to the pith with 92.55 %. The micrographs images display the presence of hemicellulose, lignin, impurities, and wax on the surface of cortex and pith. Overall, the results of the cortex showed that it had the potential to be used the same as the pith for the production of biopolymers in the future.

The mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer composites strongly depend on the interfacial bonding between fibre and matrix. The main objective of this paper is to compare the interfacial bonding between kenaf fibre reinforced POM with that of PET fibre reinforced POM in a hybrid composite. Continuous twisted kenaf, and PET yarn were used for the investigation. Each fibre yarn was half embedded in POM by compression moulding. The yarns were extracted from the matrix by single fibre pull out test method. The result of the investigation revealed that the interfacial shear strength of approximately 31.4 MPa between kenaf and POM is higher compared to 24.3 MPa obtained between PET fibre and POM. This may be due to higher surface energy of kenaf fibre with respect to POM in the composite The FESEM micrograph further demonstrates good interfacial adhesion between kenaf and POM in the composite.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on mechanical characterization of adhesive T-joint in granulator fluidization bed at elevated temperature. This research aims to explore the suitability of adhesive bonding between stainless steel plate and perforated plate to replace plug weld in granulator fluidization bed. For this purpose, T-joint and bulk specimens were prepared for tensile loading tests, at different temperature. Measurement of the temperature-dependent of the tensile strength was conducted using thermostatic chamber attached to a universal testing machine for a range from room temperature to 100°C. The strength of adhesive T-joint decreases for temperatures over than 35°C. This is because at high temperature, the failure is determined by the changes of mechanical properties of adhesive. The results have shown that the strength of adhesive T-joint was affected by both temperature and bondline thickness. The objective of the present study was to examine a series of adhesively-bonded T-joints in tension at elevated temperatures between room temperature and 100°C having various bond thicknesses.

The paper discusses the crushing behavior of glass fibre reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipes under hydrothermal ageing condition. This study determines the behavior of the GRE pipes when subjected to different ageing periods and temperatures. Hydrothermal ageing has been found to cause degradation between resin and fibre interface thus causing the reduction in the strength of composite laminates. The pipes were subjected to hydrothermal condition to simulate and precipitate ageing by immersing the pipe samples in water at 80°C for 250, 500, and 1000 hours. Compression tests were carried out using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for virgin condition and aged samples in accordance with ASTM D695 standard. The maximum force at the initial failure region is observed for each of the conditioned pipes. The results show that the strength of the matrix systems was considerably degraded due to the plasticization of the matrix system.

This paper describes the experimental investigation of the tensile and flexural strength of untreated Napier grass fibre reinforced polyester composites. Napier grass fibres were extracted trough conventional water retting process and used as reinforcing materials in the polyester composite laminates. Tensile tests were then conducted for the composite specimens from the laminates at 25% fibre loading using the electronic extensometer setup to obtain the tensile properties. The results show significant differences in tensile strength between random short fibres laminates and random long fibrelaminates with the long fibres yield over 30 % higher in strength.Both the short and long fibre composites exhibits similar strength with short fibres having slightly higher flexural strength to long fibres The laminate also shows higher maximum strength compared to other commonly available natural fibre composites with almost 75 % improved in the maximum strength compared to the short kenaf fibre reinforced composites.

Cat’s whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) leaves extracts were prepared using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) with full factorial design to determine the optimum extraction parameters. Nine extracts were obtained by varying pressure, temperature, and time. The extracts were analysed using FTIR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated on human (colorectal, breast, and prostate) cancer and normal fibroblast cells. Moderate pressure (31.1 MPa) and temperature (60°C) were recorded as optimum extraction conditions with high yield (1.74%) of the extract (B2) at 60 min extraction time. The optimized extract (B2) displayed selective cytotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC3) cells (IC50 28 µg/mL) and significant antioxidant activity (IC50 42.8 µg/mL). Elevated levels of caspases 3/7 and 9 in B2-treated PC3 cells suggest the induction of apoptosis through nuclear and mitochondrial pathways. Hoechst and rhodamine assays confirmed the nuclear condensation and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells. B2 also demonstrated inhibitory effects on motility and colonies of PC3 cells at its subcytotoxic concentrations. It is noteworthy that B2 displayed negligible toxicity against the normal cells. Chemometric analysis revealed high content of essential oils, hydrocarbon, fatty acids, esters, and aromatic sesquiterpenes in B2. This study highlights the therapeutic potentials of SC-CO2 extract of cat’s whiskers in targeting prostate carcinoma.