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Background Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure has been linked to oxidative stress and neurochemical imbalances, potentially compromising cellular integrity. By increasing free radical production, EMR disrupts the antioxidant defense system, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT); which may contribute to neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. Method This study examines the impact of intrauterine mobile phone radiation (MPR) exposure on hippocampal neurotransmitters and oxidative stress markers in albino mice and their offspring. Thirty-five healthy mice, obtained from pregnant females aged 10–14 weeks (weighing 18–20 g), were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 5 per group), Group I (control, no MPR exposure); Groups II–IV (exposed to 2G 0.9 GHz, 3G 1.5 GHz, and 4G 1.95 GHz MPR until parturition, respectively); and Groups V–VII (exposed to the same frequencies until weaning). Results After eight weeks of exposure, hippocampal tissues were analyzed for neurochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutamate (GLU)) as well as oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD, and GSH) and their histological structure. MPR exposure resulted in a significant reduction ( p  < 0.05) in AChE levels in groups III–VII, except for group II ( p  > 0.05), while GLU levels significantly increased ( p  < 0.05) in group VII. Oxidative stress analysis revealed significantly elevated MDA and SOD levels ( p  < 0.05) and a marked reduction in GSH levels across all exposed groups ( p  < 0.05). Conclusion Intrauterine exposure to MPR induces oxidative stress and neurochemical imbalances in albino mice, which is characterized by decreased AChE and GSH levels and increased MDA, SOD, and GLU concentrations. These findings suggest that prolonged MPR exposure may disrupt hippocampal function, potentially affecting cognitive and neurodevelopmental processes.

[...]new challenges have emerged, including: border-related conflicts, food security risk due to declines agricultural production, vector- and water-borne diseases, (especially in areas with inadequate health infrastructure), flooding and exacerbation of desertification by changes in rainfall and intensified land use [2]. Since the liberalization of trade policies between countries over the past two decades, national economies have grown in leaps and bounds. When it lacks geographical data, it becomes much shorter, making useless almost any intervention. [...]the real significance of CRT is that it should be expanded (giving decision-makers more time to complete interventions) − which can only be achieved when high-resolution geo-referenced epidemiologic data are analyzed in time and space. [...]to achieve improved epidemic control measures, geographically explicit data should be collected from epidemics, analysed and lessons learnt made available for future interventions.

Recent events have shown that public health, animal health and national economies have been threatened, globally, by the increased occurrence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (ErEIDs) [1]. Specifically, land use change cum agricultural practices, surging human demographic, pathogen evolution (antimicrobial resistance), failure of public health systems, global travel and more global interconnectedness in spatial and temporal dimensions have driven these threats [2]. Other aggravating factors include: ecological changes, incursion into previously uninhabited areas, changes in human behavior, environmental degradation, international trade, technology and industry, antimicrobial misuse, and deficiencies in public health infrastructure and decision-making [1-3]. Major ErEIDs − including zoonoses − have been reported in the last two decades including: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Hendra, Nipah, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1, H5N8 and H7N9 subtypes, West Nile fever, Pandemic H1N1 Influenza, Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Many of these diseases have been documented in Africa.