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Abstract BACKGROUND/AIMS Performing pediatric lensectomy, anterior vitrectomy with intraocular lens implantation in one session, using a long sclerocorneal tunnel and covering the incision site with 8/0 Vicryl sutures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study includes 52 eyes of 30 patients with pediatric cataracts. At the temporal side, the conjunctival peritomy was performed, followed by two long sclerocorneal side ports and the main incision for intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation. At the end of the operation, the side port and the conjunctiva incisions were sutured with 8/0 Vicryl sutures. The IOLs were implanted in children older than 24 months, not in smaller ones. The operations and intraoperative complications were recorded. After the operation, the patients were examined on the 1st postoperative day, then six times for the first 6 months. During follow-ups, the impact of the suture on the anterior segment complications and astigmatism was evaluated. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged between 2 months and 8 years. The average operation time was 28 ± 6 min. Due to the suture-related complication, neither re-suturing nor stitch removal was carried out; therefore, general anesthesia was not repeated. The average astigmatism value of the children in the postoperative 1st week was 1.5 ± 1.2 D (0.5-4.0). The mean astigmatism value was 0.8 ± 0.5 D (0.5-1.5) in the 3rd postoperative month. CONCLUSION: The long corneoscleral tunnel method has been found safe in pediatric cataract surgery.

This case report describes a surgical technique using double-layer human amniotic membrane (hAM) grafting to repair a high myopic macular hole (MH)-related chronic retinal detachment (RD) with subretinal bands in a child with Knobloch syndrome. A 4-year-old boy diagnosed with Knobloch syndrome presented with macular atrophy in the right eye and chronic total RD with subretinal bands associated with a myopic MH in the left eye. The surgery involved an encircling band, pars plana vitrectomy, and subretinal band extraction through a retinotomy. The retinotomy and MH were sealed using hAM with a 5000 centistoke (cS) silicone oil (SO) tamponade. RD recurred two weeks postoperatively due to hAM contracture, leading to MH reopening. A second intervention included replacing the contracted graft with two larger hAM grafts; the first positioned under the MH and the second over the MH in a sandwich configuration, with 5000 cS SO tamponade. Eighteen months after SO removal, a flat retina, closed MH, and ambulatory vision were achieved. In conclusion, double-layer hAM grafting provides a strong seal for MH in high myopia-associated RD where conventional techniques fail. Keywords: Pediatric retinal detachment, human amniotic membrane, Knobloch syndrome, macular hole-related retinal detachment, pediatric high myopia

Introduction: Simultaneous branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is an exceptionally rare cause of acute vision loss, particularly in young individuals without systemic vascular risk factors. Blood transfusion has been implicated in rare thromboembolic and hyperviscosity-related complications but is infrequently associated with retinal vascular occlusions. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old man presented with sudden painless unilateral vision loss shortly after receiving a packed red blood cell transfusion for severe anemia. Ophthalmic examination revealed optic disc edema, venous engorgement, scattered retinal hemorrhages, and superior hemi-macular whitening in the affected eye. Structural optical coherence tomography demonstrated inner retinal hyperreflectivity and subsequent thinning, consistent with ischemic retinal injury. Fluorescein angiography was contraindicated due to an acute hypersensitivity reaction. Extensive systemic, hematologic, inflammatory, and thrombophilia workup was unremarkable. Despite conservative and supportive management, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and anticoagulation, visual recovery remained limited at follow-up. Conclusion: This case highlights a rare presentation of concurrent BRAO and CRVO occurring shortly after blood transfusion in a young patient without identifiable systemic risk factors. Although causality cannot be definitively established, the close temporal relationship and exclusion of alternative etiologies suggest transfusion-related rheologic changes as a plausible contributing factor. Clinicians should remain vigilant for acute retinal vascular events following transfusion, even in young patients, and prompt ophthalmic evaluation is essential.

To describe and evaluate a perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL)-assisted technique for removal of emulsified silicone oil following vitreoretinal surgery. This retrospective interventional case series conducted at a single vitreoretinal center included 20 eyes with significant emulsified silicone oil following long-term tamponade. PFCL was used intraoperatively to mobilize and evacuate residual silicone oil droplets. Clinical outcomes included residual emulsified oil, intraocular pressure, and best-corrected visual acuity over a mean follow-up of 24.2 months. At final follow-up, 17 eyes (85%) showed complete clearance of visible emulsified silicone oil. Sparse microscopic droplets persisted in 3 eyes (15%) without clinical significance. No eye developed elevated intraocular pressure (>21 mmHg) or corneal complications. Best-corrected visual acuity improved or remained stable in all eyes, with 65% achieving an improvement of ≥2 Snellen lines. PFCL-assisted washout may represent a practical adjunctive technique for managing emulsified silicone oil in challenging cases, achieving high rates of clinical clearance with a favorable safety profile. Larger prospective studies are required to validate these findings.

Performing pediatric lensectomy, anterior vitrectomy with intraocular lens implantation in one session, using a long sclerocorneal tunnel and covering the incision site with 8/0 Vicryl sutures. This study includes 52 eyes of 30 patients with pediatric cataracts. At the temporal side, the conjunctival peritomy was performed, followed by two long sclerocorneal side ports and the main incision for intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation. At the end of the operation, the side port and the conjunctiva incisions were sutured with 8/0 Vicryl sutures. The IOLs were implanted in children older than 24 months, not in smaller ones. The operations and intraoperative complications were recorded. After the operation, the patients were examined on the 1[sup.st] postoperative day, then six times for the first 6 months. During follow-ups, the impact of the suture on the anterior segment complications and astigmatism was evaluated. The age of the patients ranged between 2 months and 8 years. The average operation time was 28 ± 6 min. Due to the suture-related complication, neither re-suturing nor stitch removal was carried out; therefore, general anesthesia was not repeated. The average astigmatism value of the children in the postoperative 1[sup.st] week was 1.5 ± 1.2 D (0.5-4.0). The mean astigmatism value was 0.8 ± 0.5 D (0.5-1.5) in the 3[sup.rd] postoperative month. The long corneoscleral tunnel method has been found safe in pediatric cataract surgery.

Keywords: Unilateral Eales; Case report Eales; Steroids; Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction; Anti-Tuberculous drug in Eales disease; Combined steroids and antituberculous in eales; Steroid monotherapy in eales; Anti-tuberculous monotherapy in eales; Eales disease with presumed tubercular etiology Received: July 02, 2020, Accepted: July 15, 2020, Published: July 21, 2020 Introduction Henry Eales, in 1880, reported this illness as an abnormal retinal vein, neovascularization in the periphery, and recurrent vitreous hemorrhage associated with constipation and epistaxis, as noninflammatory condition [1,2]. The dilated fundus examination revealed minimal and slight vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous cells, healthy optic nerve, perivascular sheathing in the distal part of the upper arcade, dotted intraretinal hemorrhages, non-perfused areas from the temporal macula to the temporal periphery. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) of the left eye showed leakage from the sheathed vessel, vascular tortuosity, clear cut demarcation of capillaries in the non-perfused area, the venous shunt showed as a demarcation line between perfused and nonperfused area, telangiectasia in the temporal part of the macula, and staining of the optic nerve head in the late phase of the angiogram, Figure 2a Figure 2b and Figure 2c. Case number 2 A 55 years old male nurse, not known to have any systemic illness, presented with sudden onset of floaters in the right (OD) eye, after she had been treated with prophylactic laser photocoagulation for peripheral retinal hole ten days earlier, elsewhere.

Keywords: Central serous chorioretinopathy; Children; Spontaneous remission of Central serous chorioretinopathy; Presumed central serous chorioretinopathy in children Received: July 16, 2020, Accepted: July 18, 2020, Published: July 24, 2020 Case Report The secondary causes had been excluded by pediatrician and endocrinologist as follows: * Complete blood picture plus erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was normal. * Serum cortisol was normal (18 mcg/L), at 8:30 AM. * Mean arterial blood pressure was 110/65 mm Hg. * No abnormality in the central nervous system. The actual cause remains unknown but persons with type A personality, having mental stress, using of steroids for any reason, Cushing's syndrome or tumors producing steroid and pregnancy regarded as risk factors [3]. Another theory is stress, can have its effect on both catecholamines and cortisol levels; it causes an elevation in the serum level of epinephrine and norepinephrine; these changes observed in CSC patients which normalizes after recovery from the illness.

Usually, it is a unilateral disorder comprising of three distinct components: orbit, brain (ipsilateral to the retina) and face, in the face; the sensory region of the trigeminal nerve distribution involved, that takes the shape of naevi which might be wholly formed and illness, is complete, or the naevi might be faint or absent, the latter regarded as an incomplete disease but rarely a bilateral involvement encountered with an asymmetrical grade of malformation. Due to allergy to fluorescein dye, we were unable to do Fluorescein fundus angiography and CT-angiography scan of the brain, but we send him for medical consultation, they excluded the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercoagulability status. [...]a decrease in vision can happen through many mechanisms, including macular edema and vitreous hemorrhage.

[LANGUAGE=”English”]This case report describes a surgical technique using double-layer human amniotic membrane (hAM) grafting to repair a high myopic macular hole (MH)-related chronic retinal detachment (RD) with subretinal bands in a child with Knobloch syndrome. A 4-year-old boy diagnosed with Knobloch syndrome presented with macular atrophy in the right eye and chronic total RD with subretinal bands associated with a myopic MH in the left eye. The surgery involved an encircling band, pars plana vitrectomy, and subretinal band extraction through a retinotomy. The retinotomy and MH were sealed using hAM with a 5000 centistoke (cS) silicone oil (SO) tamponade. RD recurred two weeks postoperatively due to hAM contracture, leading to MH reopening. A second intervention included replacing the contracted graft with two larger hAM grafts; the first positioned under the MH and the second over the MH in a sandwich configuration, with 5000 cS SO tamponade. Eighteen months after SO removal, a flat retina, closed MH, and ambulatory vision were achieved. In conclusion, double-layer hAM grafting provides a strong seal for MH in high myopia-associated RD where conventional techniques fail.[LANGUAGE=”Turkish”]Bu olgu sunumunda, yüksek miyopik maküla deliği (MD) ile ilişkili kronik retina dekolmanı (RD) ile başvuran Knobloch sendromlu bir çocukta, çift katmanlı insan amniyon zarı (iAM) kullanılarak uygulanan cerrahi teknik tanımlanmaktadır. Knobloch sendromu tanısı almış 4 yaşında bir erkek çocuk sağ gözünde maküler atrofi ve sol gözünde miyopik MD ile ilişkili kronik total RD ve subretinal bantlarla başvurdu. Cerrahide, silikon bant sörklaj ile kombine pars plana vitrektomi ve retinotomi aracılığıyla subretinal bant temizliği uygulandı. Retinotomi alanı ve MD iAM kullanılarak kapatıldıktan sonra 5000 santistok (cS) silikon yağı (SY) ile tamponlandı. Cerrahi sonrası ikinci haftada amniyon zarının kontrakte olması nedeniyle RD nüks etti ve delik yeniden açıldı. İkinci müdahale, kontrakte olmuş greftin yerine daha büyük boyutlu iki amniyon zar greftinin yerleştirilmesi ile uygulandı: İlki deliğin altına, ikincisi üzerine “sandviç” konfigürasyonunda yerleştirilerek 5000 cS SY ile desteklendi. SY alınmasını takiben 18. ayda, retina yatışık ve MD kapalı olup ambulatuar görme elde edildi. Sonuç olarak, çift katmanlı amniyon zarı grefti, konvansiyonel prosedürlerin yetersiz kaldığı yüksek miyopi ile ilişkili MD’lerinde güçlü bir kapama sağlamaktadır.

Toxoplasmosis is a significant food‐borne protozoal disease in humans and animals. The study aimed to find out Toxoplasma seropositivity in sheep, estimate epidemiological risk factors and assess haemato‐biochemical parameter changes. Blood samples were collected from 276 indigenous sheep in five districts surrounding Sulaymaniyah Province in the northern region of Iraq. Toxoplasmosis was determined by detecting anti‐Toxoplasma antibodies by ELISA. The impact of various risk factors on seropositivity was evaluated. Haematological and serum biochemical changes from naturally infected sheep were analysed using commercial kits. The overall seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies among the studied population was 41.67%. Sharazoor district had a higher prevalence rate of 46.15% than Bakrajo, with the lowest frequency rate of 38.18%. Ewes with an abortion history had a higher risk for seropositivity of about 47.4% (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.9–1.6). Sampling season and herd size are other risk factors, with higher seropositivity at 42.5% (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8–1.4) during the dry season and among small flocks ≤ 100 animals/farm at 43.6% (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7–1.4). Toxoplasma prevalence was correlated with animals' ages; a higher seropositivity of 43.3% was found among older sheep (OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6–1.2). Seropositive sheep had significantly higher total leukocyte, lymphocyte and granulocyte counts but significantly lower haemoglobin, haematocrit and total erythrocyte counts. The serum levels of total protein and albumin were significantly reduced, with increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. Also, AST enzyme activity represents a higher value in positive sheep with toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma infection among the ovine population is common. Its impact on livestock productivity should not be neglected. A potential risk for humans through infected sheep could be a hazardous source for public health. Toxoplasmosis is a significant protozoal disease that infects different hosts. A cross‐sectional study was performed to determine the serostatus of Toxoplasma gondii infection in association with haemato‐biochemical analysis and risk factor estimation. The study conducted from June to December 2023 involved 276 randomly selected indigenous sheep from five districts of Sulaymaniyah province, Iraq. The results demonstrate an occurrence rate of 41.67%. The estimated data represented an association of Toxoplasma infection with alteration in haemato‐biochemical values. The study also evaluated the impact of different epidemiological risk factors on the frequency rate of toxoplasmosis in sheep. .