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\"Sculpture is just a word, an English word, which elicits an image in the mind's eye. Sculpture is a European idea. In China statues, stele and other figural objects were made for millennia but not valued or collected as Sculpture. There was no Sculpture in China. Imagining Sculpture is the story of this something that did not exist. Imagining Sculpture is a series of short vignettes, historical and fictional. Travelers, scholars, officials, collectors, and antiquarians encounter statues, figures, and effigies in China, Japan, England, Germany, France, Italy, and the United States from the fourteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. Imagining Sculpture is visual, cinematic and sumptuous--told with rare photographs, paintings, sketches, letters and ephemera. With little text, the argument is made by the images. Imagining Sculpture offers a new kind of visual narrative and offers a radically different way of seeing and knowing\"--Provided by publisher.

The eligibility of COVID-19 vaccines has been expanded to children aged 12 and above in several countries including Japan, and there is a plan to further lower the age. This study aimed to assess factors related to parental COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. A nationwide internet-based cross-sectional study was conducted between May 25 and June 3, 2021 in Japan. The target population was parents of children aged 3–14 years who resided in Japan, and agreed to answer the online questionnaire. Parental COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (their intention to vaccinate their child) and related factors were analyzed using logistic regression models. Interaction effects of gender of parents and their level of social relationship satisfaction related to parental vaccine hesitancy was tested using log likelihood ratio test (LRT). Social media as the most trusted information source increased parental vaccine hesitancy compared to those who trusted official information (Adjusted Odds Ratio: aOR 2.80, 95% CI 1.53–5.12). Being a mother and low perceived risk of infection also increased parental vaccine hesitancy compared to father (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.57–3.74) and those with higher perceived risk of infection (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04–2.32) respectively. People with lower satisfaction to social relationships tended to be more hesitant to vaccinate their child among mothers in contrast to fathers who showed constant intention to vaccinate their child regardless of the level of satisfaction to social relationship (LRT p = 0.021). Our findings suggest that dissemination of targeted information about COVID-19 vaccine by considering means of communication, gender and people who are isolated during measures of social distancing may help to increase parental vaccine acceptance.

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are one of the largest background sources for many direct dark matter search experiments. The development of a new low background PMT, Hamamatsu R13111, for liquid xenon dark matter experiments is ongoing. With its 3-inch-wide convex protruding photocathode, the R13111 achieved a large reduction in radioactive impurity compared to its precursor, the R10789, which was used in the XMASS-I detector. Xenon leaks, a problem reported by the XENON1T and PandaX experiments, are also investigated to realize stable operation with liquid xenon.

Japan has entered the era of super-ageing and advanced health transition, which is increasingly putting pressure on the sustainability of its health system. The level and pace of this health transition might vary across regions within Japan and concern is growing about increasing regional variations in disease burden. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive, comparable framework. We used data from GBD 2015 with the aim to quantify the burden of disease and injuries, and to attribute risk factors in Japan at a subnational, prefecture-level. We used data from GBD 2015 for 315 causes and 79 risk factors of death, disease, and injury incidence and prevalence to measure the burden of diseases and injuries in Japan and in the 47 Japanese prefectures from 1990 to 2015. We extracted data from GBD 2015 to assess mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy (HALE) in Japan and its 47 prefectures. We split extracted data by prefecture and applied GBD methods to generate estimates of burden, and attributable burden due to known risk factors. We examined the prefecture-level relationships of common health system inputs (eg, health expenditure and workforces) to the GBD outputs in 2015 to address underlying determinants of regional health variations. Life expectancy at birth in Japan increased by 4·2 years from 79·0 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 79·0 to 79·0) to 83·2 years (83·1 to 83·2) between 1990 and 2015. However, the gaps between prefectures with the lowest and highest life expectancies and HALE have widened, from 2·5 to 3·1 years and from 2·3 to 2·7 years, respectively, from 1990 to 2015. Although overall age-standardised death rates decreased by 29·0% (28·7 to 29·3) from 1990 to 2015, the rates of mortality decline in this period substantially varied across the prefectures, ranging from −32·4% (−34·8 to −30·0) to −22·0% (−20·4 to −20·1). During the same time period, the rate of age-standardised DALYs was reduced overall by 19·8% (17·9 to 22·0). The reduction in rates of age-standardised YLDs was very small by 3·5% (2·6 to 4·3). The pace of reduction in mortality and DALYs in many leading causes has largely levelled off since 2005. Known risk factors accounted for 34·5% (32·4 to 36·9) of DALYs; the two leading behavioural risk factors were unhealthy diets and tobacco smoking in 2015. The common health system inputs were not associated with age-standardised death and DALY rates in 2015. Japan has been successful overall in reducing mortality and disability from most major diseases. However, progress has slowed down and health variations between prefectures is growing. In view of the limited association between the prefecture-level health system inputs and health outcomes, the potential sources of regional variations, including subnational health system performance, urgently need assessment. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Japan Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, AXA CR Fixed Income Fund and AXA Research Fund.

The last steps of cellular respiration—an essential metabolic process in plants—are carried out by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This process involves a chain of multi-subunit membrane protein complexes (complexes I–V) that form higher-order assemblies called supercomplexes. Although supercomplexes are the most physiologically relevant form of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes, their functions and structures remain mostly unknown. Here we present the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the supercomplex I + III2 from Vigna radiata (mung bean). The structure contains the full subunit complement of complex I, including a newly assigned, plant-specific subunit. It also shows differences in the mitochondrial processing peptidase domain of complex III2 relative to a previously determined supercomplex with complex IV. The supercomplex interface, while reminiscent of that in other organisms, is plant specific, with a major interface involving complex III2’s mitochondrial processing peptidase domain and no participation of complex I’s bridge domain. The complex I structure suggests that the bridge domain sets the angle between the enzyme’s two arms, limiting large-scale conformational changes. Moreover, complex I’s catalytic loops and its response in active-to-deactive assays suggest that, in V. radiata, the resting complex adopts a non-canonical state and can sample deactive- or open-like conformations even in the presence of substrate. This study widens our understanding of the possible conformations and behaviour of complex I and supercomplex I + III2. Further studies of complex I and its supercomplexes in diverse organisms are needed to determine the universal and clade-specific mechanisms of respiration.Cryogenic electron microscopy structure of respiratory supercomplex I + III2 from mung bean reveals interfaces, a new complex I subunit and differences in complex III2 versus other supercomplexes. Resting complex I adopts an intermediate conformational state and a non-canonical active/deactive response.

The aim of this study was to assess the association between fish intake, -3 PUFA, -6 PUFA and risk of disabling dementia. Prospective cohort. Municipalities within the Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective Study. 43 651 participants: (20 002 men and 23 649 women). Exposure intake of fish, -3 and -6 PUFA was evaluated in 1995-1997. We defined disabling dementia cases as participants who were certified to receive disability care under the long-term-care insurance programme (2006-2016) in participating municipalities with a grade of activities of daily living related to dementia ≥ IIa on the dementia rating scale (range 0-IV and M). Cox proportional hazard models were applied to obtain hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI according to quartiles of exposures of interest. In the main analysis, we adjusted for age and area, smoking, BMI, alcohol and metabolic equivalent tasks. During 410 350 person-years of follow-up with an average follow-up of 9·4 years, 5278 cases of disabling dementia were diagnosed. Fish intake and most PUFA were not associated with the risk of disabling dementia in men. In women, -6 PUFA showed a significant decreasing trend in risk the highest HR (95 % CI) compared with the lowest was 0·90 (0·81, 0·99) ( for trend = 0·024) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was 0·91 (0·82, 1·00) ( for trend = 0·043). Our findings suggest no association with fish in general and only -6 PUFA and ALA may be associated with a decreased risk of disabling dementia especially in women.

With an increasing burden of non-communicable disease in Nepal and limited progress towards universal health coverage, country- and disease-specific estimates of financial hardship related to healthcare costs need to be evaluated to protect the population effectively from healthcare-related financial burden. To estimate the cost and economic burden of illness and to assess the inequality in the financial burden due to catastrophic health expenditure from 1995 to 2010 in Nepal. This study used nationally representative Nepal Living Standards Surveys conducted in 1995 and 2010. A Bayesian two-stage hurdle model was used to estimate average cost of illness and Bayesian logistic regression models were used to estimate the disease-specific incidence of catastrophic health payment and impoverishment. The concentration curve and index were estimated by disease category to examine inequality in healthcare-related financial hardship. Inflation-adjusted mean out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for chronic illness and injury increased by 4.6% and 7.3%, respectively, while the cost of recent acute illness declined by 1.5% between 1995 and 2010. Injury showed the highest incidence of catastrophic expenditure (30.7% in 1995 and 22.4% in 2010) followed by chronic illness (12.0% in 1995 and 9.6% in 2010) and recent acute illness (21.1% in 1995 and 7.8% in 2010). Asthma, diabetes, heart conditions, malaria, jaundice and parasitic illnesses showed increased catastrophic health expenditure over time. Impoverishment due to injury declined most (by 12% change in average annual rate) followed by recent acute illness (9.7%) and chronic illness (9.6%) in 15 years. Inequality analysis indicated that poorer populations with recent acute illness suffered more catastrophic health expenditure in both sample years, while wealthier households with injury and chronic illnesses suffered more catastrophic health expenditure in 2010. To minimize the economic burden of illness, several approaches need to be adopted, including social health insurance complemented with an upgraded community-based health insurance system, subsidy program expansion for diseases with high economic burden and third party liability motor insurance to reduce the economic burden of injury.

IntroductionOccupational burnout has become a pervasive problem in human services. Medical professionals are particularly vulnerable to burnout, which may lead to reduced motivation, medical errors, and voluntary absenteeism. To ensure effect functioning of medical systems, better understanding of burnout among medical professionals is warranted.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the structural brain correlates of burnout severity among medical professionals.MethodsNurses in active service underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed their burnout severity using self-reported psychological questionnaires. This study was approved by the Committee on Medical Ethics of Kyoto University and was conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association.ResultsThe results reflected considerable individual differences in burnout severity in our sample. Our findngs revealed that the levels of burnout severity were associated with the regional gray matter volumes in brain areas such as ventromedial prefrontal cortex and insula.ConclusionsSince the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, medical professionals have faced even greater stress. We hope that our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of burnout and offer useful insights for developing effective interventions to manage stress and burnout.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Abstract Depression and PTSD syndromes are major psychological problems among elderly victims of post-disaster areas. This study aimed to examine the psychological relationships between depression, PTSD syndrome, and their related factors. This study used a self-administered questionnaire for a mailed survey in Ichijima-area, Hyogo. Ichijima suffered severe damage from heavy rain in mid-August of 2014. Participants were recruited by community association and questionnaires were delivered by community members. A total of 550 questionnaires were delivered and 291 replies were received (response rate 52.9%). Due to missing values, this study used 276 cases for analysis. Ethics approval for this study was secured from Kansai University of International Studies ethics board. To examine the relationships between depression and PTSD syndrome, this study used two models for analysis. The first model was “Depression antedates the onset of PTSD.” The second model was “PTSD antedates the onset of depression.” In the structural equation modeling results, the fit indexes of the first model were CFI=.996, RMSEA=.05, AIC=128.12, and for the second model they were CFI=.934, RMSEA=.35, AIC=197.94. Results of the first model indicated that house damage from flooding had no direct effect on depression but did affect PTSD. Social capital and subjective health had significant effects on depression. Furthermore, depression had significant effects on all of three types of PTSD syndrome. In this study, the findings supported the first model, “Depression antedates the onset of PTSD.” The model suggest that depression was one of the important variables for preventing PTSD among elderly victims of disasters.

Evidence regarding stress as a risk factor for cancer onset is inconsistent. In this study, based on the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, we enrolled 101,708 participants aged 40–69 years from 1990–1994. The self-reported perceived stress level was collected at baseline and updated through 5-year follow-up. The association between perceived stress and cancer risk was measured by Cox proportional hazards regression model, adjusted for all known confounders. During follow-up (mean = 17.8 years), we identified 17,161 cancer cases. We found no association between baseline perceived stress level and cancer incidence. However, by taking account of the dynamic changes in perceived stress, time-varying analyses revealed a slightly (4–6%) increased overall cancer risk for subjects under elevated perceived stress levels compared to the ‘low stress level’ group. Analyses concerning long-term perceived stress level showed that individuals with constantly high perceived stress level had an 11% (95% confidence interval 1–22%) excess risk for cancer compared to subjects with persistently low stress levels. This association was confined to men (20% excess risk), and was particularly strong among smokers, alcohol drinkers, obese subjects, and subjects without family history of cancer. Therefore, we concluded high perceived stress level might contribute to excess overall cancer incidence among men.