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One of the most significant lactic acid bacteria genera is Lactobacillus , which is known to generate compounds such as bacteriocins that can stop the growth of harmful bacteria. The current study investigated the protective and therapeutic effects of two novel probiotic strains, Lactobacillus brevis PQ214320, and Bacillus subtilis PQ198038, on parasitological, histopathological, and immunological responses in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis . A total of 120 mice were divided into six groups, including a positive control group (C) which was infected with Trichinella infection and not treated, mice treated orally with albendazole (ALB) at a dose of 5 mg/kg bw for 3 days after infection, and mice treated with probiotics (10 9 Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)/mL/animal, in 100 µL of Ringer’s solution) either pre- and post-infection with L. brevis PQ214320 (LP) or B. subtilis PQ198038 (BSP), or only post-infection with L. brevis PQ214320 (L) and B. subtilis PQ198038 (BS). Infection was induced by oral inoculation of 400 T. spiralis larvae. Parasite burden and, histopathological, and immune responses were assessed at 5 and 19 days post-infection. The results showed that the LP group had significantly reduced adult worm and muscle larval counts compared with the positive control group. In contrast, BSP reduced the parasite burden, but to a lesser extent. The immune response was characterized by elevated levels of IL 12 and IFN-γ in the LP group at 5 days -post-infection (dpi), indicating a strong Th1 response, which declined but remained significantly higher than in the control infected group at 19 dpi. Serum IgG responses were higher in the LP group at 19 dpi, suggesting that a more robust adaptive immune response was triggered by L. brevis . Pre- and post-treatment with B. subtilis PQ198038 and L. brevis PQ214320 significantly improved the histopathological abnormalities and collagen deposition in the small intestinal and diaphragm muscular tissues caused Trichinella infection and restored claudin 1 content in the same tissues. These findings suggest that L. brevis PQ214320 offers a stronger protective effect against T. spiralis infection, potentially through enhanced immune modulation and parasite reduction, whereas B. subtilis PQ198038 provides beneficial but less potent responses. This study highlights the potential of novel probiotics strains as adjunct protective agents and therapies against T. spiralis infection.

Malaria is a life‐threatening disease caused by Plasmodium, transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite global efforts, malaria remains a major health burden in developing countries. In Tanzania, cultural beliefs and misconceptions often delay treatment, especially in rural areas. This article aims to evaluate the level of malaria knowledge among the Tanzanian population and identify demographic factors associated with disparities in awareness. This cross‐sectional study used secondary data from the 2021–2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey, analyzing responses from 18,747 individuals aged 15 years and older. Data on malaria‐related knowledge, attitudes, and practices were collected through standardized questionnaires. Malaria knowledge varied significantly by age, gender, education, and location (p < 0.05). Awareness was highest among individuals aged 20–24 and lowest among those over 50. Urban residents had greater knowledge than their rural counterparts. Education was strongly linked to awareness, with those having secondary or higher education scoring better. Male‐headed households showed slightly higher knowledge levels. Media exposure and mobile phone ownership were also associated with increased malaria awareness. Bridging knowledge gaps through targeted education, digital tools, and improved rural health infrastructure is essential for effective malaria control in Tanzania. National survey of 18,747 Tanzanians reveals malaria knowledge disparities by age, education, gender, and residence. Urban, educated, and media‐exposed individuals showed higher awareness, while rural and older populations lagged. Targeted education, digital tools, and rural infrastructure improvements are vital to closing gaps and strengthening malaria prevention strategies.

Bilharziasis is a widespread trematode parasite that poses a severe public health burden. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has several pharmacological and traditional properties critical for treating several hepatic disorders. The present study was designed to assess the potential efficacy of T. officinale root (TOR) dietary supplementation with or without praziquantel (PZQ) against liver and intestinal disorders in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This study was conducted on five groups; G1: uninfected control, G2: untreated S. mansoni-infected mice, G3: infected animals treated with 250 mg/kg PZQ for three alternative days, G4: infected animals were orally administered 600 mg/kg bw TOR daily for 10 days, and G5: infected animals that received both PZQ and TOR as previously described. The current findings after different treatments indicated topographical scanning electron microscopy alterations of male adult worms and a critical reduction in worm burden, ova count, granuloma diameter, hepatic and intestinal histological abnormalities, fibrosis, immunohistochemical expression of CD3+ and CD20+ cells, oxidative stress, and interleukin-10, also upregulation of interferon-gamma, and antioxidant enzymes, when compared to the infected untreated mice. The best results were obtained in mice administered PZQ+TOR together because of their antioxidant properties and ability to promote the host immune response to parasitic infection.

Background Due to their potential to carry a wide range of bacteria, pigeon feces may contribute to the spreading of infectious diseases in urban settings.  Objective This study analyzed the presence of enteric bacteria from pigeon feces in Jeddah and their antimicrobial susceptibility and described the molecular characteristics of the carbapenem resistance genes it produced. Method Two hundred twenty-five pigeon feces specimens were collected from eight parks in Jeddah. Conventional microbiology techniques were employed to identify the isolated bacteria, and the automated Vitek2® system (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, Lyon, France) provided additional confirmation. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was utilized to screen for antimicrobial resistance. Only 50 antibiotic-resistance isolates further underwent molecular diagnosis for testing groups of carbapenems-encoding genes (blaNDM, blaSIM, and blaAIM), using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  Result Of the 50 antibiotic-resistant isolates, 28% (14/50) were , 24% (12/50) were , and 48% (24/50) were . Ninety percent (90%) of the isolates showed resistance to cefuroxime, 56% to gentamicin, 52% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and 100% to meropenem. NDM beta-lactamase was the most often discovered gene (26%) and was followed by AIM beta-lactamase (5%) Conclusion According to this study, there may be a chance for resistant , and to spread amongst several hosts within the same area. Consequently, to prevent the continued occurrence and dissemination of resistant strains among other hosts in the same location, it is essential to monitor the AMR (antimicrobial resistance) of , and from pigeons.